Hepatic

Question 1

agonal liver changes

Answer 1

congestion
diffuse reddening
heavy with oozing

exacerbated by barbiturates

Question 2

post mortem liver changes

Answer 2

autolysis - pale, soft, friable, mucosal linings sloughing off, swollen cells, cytoplasmic and nuclear details lost

putrefaction - blown up carcas, gas bubbles, pseudomelanosis, bacteria on histo

no inflammation on either

Question 3

nutmeg liver

Answer 3

congestion
heart failure –> low oxygen delivery to hepatocytes –> cell swelling

Question 4

chronic anemia - effect on histo

Answer 4

loss of centrilobular heaptocytes

Question 5

telangiectasia

Answer 5

cows
benign distension of siusoids

Question 6

diaphragmatic hernia effect on liver

Answer 6

compromises blood flow to liver

Question 7

portosystemic shunt

Answer 7

blood bypasses liver
congenital or secondary to chronic liver disease
congenital - one vessel
acquired - multiple vessels

intra hepatic in large breeds, extra hepatic in small

ammonium biurate crystals in alkaline urine
nonregenerative anemia

Question 8

viral infection

Answer 8

multifocal random necrosis

herpes - foetus and neonates, viral inclusion bodies

adenovirus - canine infectious hepatitis, also in chickens

bunyavirus - rift valley fever

flavivirus - wesselbron disease

Question 9

bacterial infection

Answer 9

GIT or hematogenous

tyzzers disease - clostridium pilliforme, from GIT

hematogenous - salmonella, listeria, clostridia, yersinia

mycobacteria - pyogranulomatous

leptospirosis - hepatic or renal or both, icterus depending on level of hepatic necrosis, fever, PUPD, inappetence, vomiting, abdominal pain

campylobacter

Question 10

helminths

Answer 10

target organ - trematodes and cestodes

migration - nematodes

Question 11

liver fluke

Answer 11

fasciola hepatica

acute - sheep - large migration through liver –> extensive hemorrhage –> sudden death

chronic - sheep and cattle - adults in bile ducts –> anemia, weight loss, impact on fertility and production

black disease and bacillary hemoglobinuria - migration of immature flukes through liver –> activate clostridium spores –> toxins –> liver necrosis and death

Question 12

cestodes

Answer 12

echinococcus granulosas - from dogs, carcass condemnation at slaughter

echinococcus mulltilocularis - dog-rodent lifecycle - liver covered in cysts

Question 13

fungal infection

Answer 13

histoplasmosis

Question 14

protozoa

Answer 14

toxoplasmosis

Question 15

toxins

Answer 15

liver affected by most toxins - centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis as most not toxic until metabolised by CYP450

periportal necrosis

plants - blue-green algae, ragwort, amanita mushrooms, mycotoxins

chemicals/drugs - xylitol, carprofen, paracetamol

sopper

chronic low grade toxicosis - regenerative nodules and fibrosis due to liver repair

Question 16

copper toxicity

Answer 16

acute - death due to hemolytic crisis and liver necrosis, icterus, liver necrosis, gunmetal blue kidneys

chronic - bedlington terriers, defect in copper transport gene

Question 17

fatty liver disease

Answer 17

fatty liver/ketosis/twin lamb diease/steatosis

lipid deposition in liver

accumulation of triglycerides - more made than mobilised
usually when mobilising adipose tissue as energy source - negative energy balance
reversible

Question 18

gall bladder mucocoele

Answer 18

border terriers
idiopathic

Question 19

neoplastia of liver

Answer 19

heptocytes - hepatocellular adenoma/carcinoma
bile ducts - cholangiocellularcarcinoma

lymphoma metastasis

Question 20

signs in horses

Answer 20

weight loss - reduced metabolism and nutrient utilisation - from impaired glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism and bile acid excretion

jaundice - retention of bilirubin - from impaired excretion

neurological signs - increased circulating toxins and ammonia - from impaired detoxification of blood and elimination of ammonia

oedema, coagulopathies - hypoalbuminema and decreased clotting factors - from impaired production of plasma proteins

lethargy
inappetence
weight loss
colic
photsensitisation
encephalopathy
diarrhoea

70% function loss before signs occur

Question 21

horse liver enzymes

Answer 21

AST - hepatocellular injury
ALP - billiary disease or drug induction
GGT - biliary disease, drugs, primary hepatic neoplasia - good indicator of chronic liver disease

GLDH - most specific for liver disease - hepatocellular injury

serum bile acids - highly specific for liver disease

not ALT in herbivores

Question 22

prognosis indicators of equine liver disease

Answer 22

fibrosis
irreversible cytopathology
inflammatory infiltrate
hemosiderin accumulation
biliary hyperplasia

scored based on severity of each that is present

Question 23

therapeutic options for treating equine liver disease

Answer 23

applied on basis of biopsy - specific diagnosis

fibrosis - steroids, vitamin E, benxapril

inflammatory infiltrate - steroids, vitamin E, antimicrobials

nutritional support - only needed if liver is failing, vitamin A, K, D, E. Low protein but high quality protein

Question 24

leptospirosis - leptospires by species

Answer 24

dog - pomona and grippotyphosa
cattle - canicola, pyrogenes, grippotyphosa
horses - canicola and grippotyphosa

Question 25

canine leptospirosis

Answer 25

direct spread through contact or indirect through urine

signs -
subclinical - no signs but infectious

peracute - death, shock presentation of shock and DIC

acute - fever, vascular injury, haemorrhage, anorexia, shock, renal failure, jaundice, diarrhoea, muscle tenderness, reluctance to move, death

chronic - multisystemic failure, chronic hepatitis, renal failure, anterior uveitis

pathophysiology - acute renal failure, liver impairment, leptospirosis pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome

Question 26

leptospirosis - signs in ruminants

Answer 26

pyrexia
hemolytic anemia
hemoglobinuria
jaundice
drop in production
abortion
still birth
death

Question 27

leptospirosis - signs in horses

Answer 27

uveitis
abortion