GIT

Question 1

clostridium perfringens D

Answer 1

epsilon toxin –> toxemia
(pore forming in enterocytes)

lambs at weaning

pulpy kidney

neurological signs - ataxia, head pressing, blindness

Question 2

Addisons GI signs

Answer 2

glucocorticoids control negative feedback loop to GI to slow down –> diarrhoea

permeability defects –> activated immune cells –> cytokine release –> local inflammation and apoptosis

Question 3

ileus

Answer 3

loss of motility - in lots of colic in horses
vomiting or abdominal distension

obstruction
inflammation
grass sickness - toxins kill neurons in GIT so lose motility

–> impaction, dry fecal balls, fluid build up in proximal intestine and stomach

Question 4

feline chronic gingivostomatitis

Answer 4

inflamed gingiva
hard to eat - weight loss, decreased food intake, hallitosis, unkempt appearance

dental and periodontal disease
altered immune response
feline calicivirus
FIV
feline herpes virus 1
various bacteria

can look like squamous cell carcinoma

mott cells

remove teeth in infected area

Question 5

eosinophilic granulomatous complex

Answer 5

looks like a hypersensitivity reaction
ulceration - missing surface lets bacteria in
lots of eosinophils

common in cats

Question 6

osteomyelitis

Answer 6

bone and bone marrow inflammation
hematogenous, implantation or direct extension
sample for culture - staph, strep, nocardia, cryptococcus
can look like some neoplasms

Question 7

canine chronic ulcerative gingivostomatitis

Answer 7

contact stomatitis from plaques on teeth - on mucosal surfaces where teeth contact (shape of tooth)

hallitosis and reluctance to eat
granulation tissue below ulcer
lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 8

oral squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 8

most common oral neoplasia in cats, 2nd in dogs

proliferative ulcerated lesion or non-healing wound
can invade underlying bone - looks like osteomyelitis
keratin pearl on histo

Question 9

melanoma

Answer 9

metastasised easily to lungs
invades underlying bone

Question 10

fibrosarcoma

Answer 10

3rd most common oral neoplasm in dogs

maxillary and palatal
locally agressive but low metastasis

Question 11

canine biologically high grade/histologically low grade fibrosarcoma

Answer 11

usually on maxillary gingiva

Question 12

canine acanthotomous ameloblastoma

Answer 12

most common odontogenic neoplasm in dogs

rostral mandible
invades underlying bone but doesn’t metastasise

Question 13

infectious oesophagus disease

Answer 13

BVD
Papiloma virus

Question 14

inflammatory oesohagus disease

Answer 14

acid reflux - weak sphincter or hernia (brachys) –> oesophagitis

iatrogenic - doxcycline in cats or regurgitation during GA

Question 15

persistent right aortic arch

Answer 15

german shepherds

stricture across oesophagus
usually shows up after weaning because milk can get through but food can’t

Question 16

myasthenia gravis

Answer 16

megaoesophagus –> regurgitation –> aspiration pneumonia

fault in Acetylcholine receptors
idiopathic in older animals
can be secondary to thymus tumours

Question 17

abomastitis

Answer 17

clostridium septicum - braxy
BVD

Question 18

gastritis

Answer 18

usually with ibd
food allergy common
helicobacter - commensal bacteria, causes ulcers in high numbers

Question 19

stomach ulcers

Answer 19

pigs - associated with high grain diet, mostly at non glandular oesophageal portion of stomach

cows - associated with ruminal acidosis, usually in rumen

stress
inappropriate feed
NSAIDs

Question 20

hardware disease

Answer 20

eating the metal - risk of pericarditis & heart failure

arched back
erect hair at withers, doesn’t move away if pinch withers

use a magnet

Question 21

abomasal displacement

Answer 21

LDA - most common - after birth - metabolic alkalosis and hypokalemia and hypocholemia

RDA - less common

more space to swing around after birth
energy imbalance
gas accumulation
interference with passage of ingesta

Question 22

bloat

Answer 22

primary - frothy - froth causes a physical block (ruminal acidosis), or choke (solid object blocking)

secondary - gassy - inability to eructate because of vagal nerve problem (can get some gas out because leaks, just can’t actively do it)

Question 23

GDV

Answer 23

twisted stomach, traps vena cava
emergency
prevents blood flow back to heart
risk of DIC later on

test lactate levels for diagnosis

Question 24

abdominal pain causes

Answer 24

volvulus
torsion
obstruction - internal (blockage) or external (Strangulating lipoma)

Question 25

intestinal obstruction

Answer 25

upper - acute and severe - fluid and gas trapped above obstruction (vomiting, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, reduced renal flow and uremia)

lower - less severe, more functional intestine above blockage - compromised blood flow leads to infarction, ulceration, perforation. Eventual metabolic acidosis

Question 26

peritonitis

Answer 26

leaky vessels –> try to clot –>released fibrin –> fills intestinal walls

gross yellow looking stuff

Question 27

mechanisms of diarrhoea

Answer 27

4 -
malabsorption - altered structure - passively lets water in/out
secretory - altered endothelial cell transport - actively moves water in
maldigestion - large particles stay in lumen, affect osmolality
altered motility

infectious causes -
cryptosporidium - attack brush border
roatvirus/coronavirus - villus atrophy
parvovirus - necrosis of intestinal crypts where new epithelial cells produced
salmonella - direct damage to colon - thrombosis, necrosis, vasculitis
clostridia - endotoxins, pore forming - diffuse necrosis

Question 28

IBD

Answer 28

persistent intestinal inflammation

2 types -
lymphoplasmacytic
eosinophilic

Question 29

protein losing enteropathy

Answer 29

persistent intestinal inflammation
increasingly permeable membrane
protein let through

hypoalbuminemia (lose more than liver makes) –> decreased plasma oncotic pressure –> oedema, ascites

Question 30

johne’s

Answer 30

granulomatous enteritis
mycobacterium paratuberculosis

granulation disrupts architecture –> malabsorption
pipe stem diarrhoea

Question 31

intestinal neoplasia

Answer 31

intestinal lymphoma - disrupts architecture so interferes with absorption

Question 32

grass sickness

Answer 32

early spring at pasture
clostridium botulinum

neuronal damage –> can’t do peristalsis –> ileus, gastric dilation, impaction, rupture, regurgitation

+ neuro signs - sweating, rhinitis, dysphagia

Question 33

endoparasites

Answer 33

malabsorption, obstruction and vascular compromise

cyathostomins - mass emergence, disrupt mucosa
strongylus vulgairs - migrates to mysenteric vacular –> infarction
ascarids (toxocara) - obstruction by sheer numbers

Question 34

pig - GIT disease

Answer 34

oedema disease - e coli - brain swelling and neurological signs, oedema of large intestine (leakage of endothelium)

swine dysentery - brachyspira hydodysenteriae - necrohemorrhagic enteritis

salmonellosis -
acute - necrotising ileothyphlitis
chronic - button ulcers

trichuris (Whpiworm) - recurrent large intestine diarrhoea

Question 35

rectal prolapse

Answer 35

secondary to infection, hernia, dystocia, or urinary disease

Question 36

anal furunculosis

Answer 36

fistula formed between anus and skin
immune mediated

german shepherds,

Question 37

anal and peri anal gland conditions

Answer 37

impaction and infection
anal sac carcinoma
hepatoid gland adenoma - regress after neutering