GIT Flashcards
clostridium perfringens D
epsilon toxin –> toxemia
(pore forming in enterocytes)
lambs at weaning
pulpy kidney
neurological signs - ataxia, head pressing, blindness
Addisons GI signs
glucocorticoids control negative feedback loop to GI to slow down –> diarrhoea
permeability defects –> activated immune cells –> cytokine release –> local inflammation and apoptosis
ileus
loss of motility - in lots of colic in horses
vomiting or abdominal distension
obstruction
inflammation
grass sickness - toxins kill neurons in GIT so lose motility
–> impaction, dry fecal balls, fluid build up in proximal intestine and stomach
feline chronic gingivostomatitis
inflamed gingiva
hard to eat - weight loss, decreased food intake, hallitosis, unkempt appearance
dental and periodontal disease
altered immune response
feline calicivirus
FIV
feline herpes virus 1
various bacteria
can look like squamous cell carcinoma
mott cells
remove teeth in infected area
eosinophilic granulomatous complex
looks like a hypersensitivity reaction
ulceration - missing surface lets bacteria in
lots of eosinophils
common in cats
osteomyelitis
bone and bone marrow inflammation
hematogenous, implantation or direct extension
sample for culture - staph, strep, nocardia, cryptococcus
can look like some neoplasms
canine chronic ulcerative gingivostomatitis
contact stomatitis from plaques on teeth - on mucosal surfaces where teeth contact (shape of tooth)
hallitosis and reluctance to eat
granulation tissue below ulcer
lymphocytes and plasma cells
oral squamous cell carcinoma
most common oral neoplasia in cats, 2nd in dogs
proliferative ulcerated lesion or non-healing wound
can invade underlying bone - looks like osteomyelitis
keratin pearl on histo
melanoma
metastasised easily to lungs
invades underlying bone
fibrosarcoma
3rd most common oral neoplasm in dogs
maxillary and palatal
locally agressive but low metastasis
canine biologically high grade/histologically low grade fibrosarcoma
usually on maxillary gingiva
canine acanthotomous ameloblastoma
most common odontogenic neoplasm in dogs
rostral mandible
invades underlying bone but doesn’t metastasise
infectious oesophagus disease
BVD
Papiloma virus
inflammatory oesohagus disease
acid reflux - weak sphincter or hernia (brachys) –> oesophagitis
iatrogenic - doxcycline in cats or regurgitation during GA
persistent right aortic arch
german shepherds
stricture across oesophagus
usually shows up after weaning because milk can get through but food can’t
myasthenia gravis
megaoesophagus –> regurgitation –> aspiration pneumonia
fault in Acetylcholine receptors
idiopathic in older animals
can be secondary to thymus tumours
abomastitis
clostridium septicum - braxy
BVD
gastritis
usually with ibd
food allergy common
helicobacter - commensal bacteria, causes ulcers in high numbers
stomach ulcers
pigs - associated with high grain diet, mostly at non glandular oesophageal portion of stomach
cows - associated with ruminal acidosis, usually in rumen
stress
inappropriate feed
NSAIDs
hardware disease
eating the metal - risk of pericarditis & heart failure
arched back
erect hair at withers, doesn’t move away if pinch withers
use a magnet
abomasal displacement
LDA - most common - after birth - metabolic alkalosis and hypokalemia and hypocholemia
RDA - less common
more space to swing around after birth
energy imbalance
gas accumulation
interference with passage of ingesta
bloat
primary - frothy - froth causes a physical block (ruminal acidosis), or choke (solid object blocking)
secondary - gassy - inability to eructate because of vagal nerve problem (can get some gas out because leaks, just can’t actively do it)
GDV
twisted stomach, traps vena cava
emergency
prevents blood flow back to heart
risk of DIC later on
test lactate levels for diagnosis
abdominal pain causes
volvulus
torsion
obstruction - internal (blockage) or external (Strangulating lipoma)
intestinal obstruction
upper - acute and severe - fluid and gas trapped above obstruction (vomiting, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, reduced renal flow and uremia)
lower - less severe, more functional intestine above blockage - compromised blood flow leads to infarction, ulceration, perforation. Eventual metabolic acidosis
peritonitis
leaky vessels –> try to clot –>released fibrin –> fills intestinal walls
gross yellow looking stuff
mechanisms of diarrhoea
4 -
malabsorption - altered structure - passively lets water in/out
secretory - altered endothelial cell transport - actively moves water in
maldigestion - large particles stay in lumen, affect osmolality
altered motility
infectious causes -
cryptosporidium - attack brush border
roatvirus/coronavirus - villus atrophy
parvovirus - necrosis of intestinal crypts where new epithelial cells produced
salmonella - direct damage to colon - thrombosis, necrosis, vasculitis
clostridia - endotoxins, pore forming - diffuse necrosis
IBD
persistent intestinal inflammation
2 types -
lymphoplasmacytic
eosinophilic
protein losing enteropathy
persistent intestinal inflammation
increasingly permeable membrane
protein let through
hypoalbuminemia (lose more than liver makes) –> decreased plasma oncotic pressure –> oedema, ascites
johne’s
granulomatous enteritis
mycobacterium paratuberculosis
granulation disrupts architecture –> malabsorption
pipe stem diarrhoea
intestinal neoplasia
intestinal lymphoma - disrupts architecture so interferes with absorption
grass sickness
early spring at pasture
clostridium botulinum
neuronal damage –> can’t do peristalsis –> ileus, gastric dilation, impaction, rupture, regurgitation
+ neuro signs - sweating, rhinitis, dysphagia
endoparasites
malabsorption, obstruction and vascular compromise
cyathostomins - mass emergence, disrupt mucosa
strongylus vulgairs - migrates to mysenteric vacular –> infarction
ascarids (toxocara) - obstruction by sheer numbers
pig - GIT disease
oedema disease - e coli - brain swelling and neurological signs, oedema of large intestine (leakage of endothelium)
swine dysentery - brachyspira hydodysenteriae - necrohemorrhagic enteritis
salmonellosis -
acute - necrotising ileothyphlitis
chronic - button ulcers
trichuris (Whpiworm) - recurrent large intestine diarrhoea
rectal prolapse
secondary to infection, hernia, dystocia, or urinary disease
anal furunculosis
fistula formed between anus and skin
immune mediated
german shepherds,
anal and peri anal gland conditions
impaction and infection
anal sac carcinoma
hepatoid gland adenoma - regress after neutering
