CV Flashcards
left vs right sided heart failure
right -
congestion of peripheral tissue - blood not flowing into the heart from them well enough
liver congestion - signs relating to impaired liver function
GI tract congestion - anorexia, GI distress, weight loss
oedema and ascites (modified transudate)
left -
decreased cardiac output
decreased tissue perfusion
pulmonary congestion - cough with frothy sputum, orthopnea (breathlessness lying down), nocturnal dyspnea
left failure –> right failure
chronic lung disease –> right failure
ventricular septal defect
hole in wall separating ventricles
common in cattle
left –> right shunt
pulmonary hypertension
atrial septal defect
hole in wall between atriums
left –> right shunt
right sided heart failure
ascites
pulmonic stenosis
narrowing of valve or artery from right ventricle to lungs
reduced flow to lungs
right sided heart failure
patent ductus arteriosus
failure of vessel between aorta and pulmonary artery to close
cuts out lungs
common in dogs
pulmonary hypertension, right sided heart failure
persistent right aortic arch
retained vessel
constricts oesophagus
tetralogy of fallot
combination - ventricular septal, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta and right ventricular hypertrophy (VPAH - very poorly animal heart)
mitral valve disease
small breeds - cavvys and sausages
regurgitation and systolic dystfunction (mitral valve closure)
dilated cardiomyopathy
large breeds - doberman and great dane
weak myocardium, big floppy heart, low cardiac output
right and left sided failure - left ventricle gets bigger filling and not pumping, back flow into atrium
chamber dilation and thinning of wall
ststolic failure
in cats - taurine deficiency in diet
arrhythmia
any abnormal rhythm
untreated can lead to cardiac failure or organ dysfunction
signs of cardiorespiratory disease
coughing
breathlessness
lethargy
exercise intolerence
murmur
collapse
weight loss
abdominal swelling/peripheral oedema
cardiac failure
cv system unable to provide enough flow for metabolic needs
usually gradual
signs -
related to poor cardiac output - weakness, hypothermia, depression
congestion - pulmonary effusion, ascites, pleural effusion
4 types -
systolic myocardial - general reduction in ability of heart muscle
obstruction - external compression or something in vasculature
pressure overload - long term increases in stress to heart wall
volume overload - increased volume of blood in ventricles –> congestive heart failure
cardiac output
volume of blood expelled per unit time
affected by -
hypertension
valvular heart disease
cardiomyopathy
heart failure
pulmonary disease
arrhythmia
fluid overload
decreased fluid volume
electrolyte imbalance
cardiac index
cardiac output over body surface area
preload
degree of ventricular stretch when blood supplied to heart
increased by -
increased central venous pressure
increased expansion of ventricles
increased force of atrial contraction
increased aortic pressure
reduced heart rate
pathology - valve stenosis
decreased by -
decreased venous blood pressure
impaired atrial contraction
increased heart rate
decreased ventricular afterload
ventricular diastolic failure
inflow valve stenosis
