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Bio 224 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Respiration

A

exchange of respiratory gases - O2 and CO2

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2
Q

Why is there a constant need for O2

A

cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP, which most cells need a constant supply of

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3
Q

Anaerobic respiration

A

does not need O2

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4
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

needs O2

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5
Q

external respiration

A

transport of O2 and CO2 into and out of body
O2 comes from the environment into body

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6
Q

internal respiration

A

transport of O2 and CO2 into and out of cells
O2 gets to cells through the blood stream

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7
Q

Cellular respiration

A

reactions that convert stored energy to ATP
O2 used by mitochondria to produce ATP

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8
Q

gas exchange membrane

A

aka respiratory membrane
thin layer of 1 or 2 epithelia
separates internal tissue from environmental medium

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9
Q

diffusion

A

moves from high to low concentration - follows concentration or pressure gradient

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10
Q

Diffusion of O2 is sufficient for what

A

very small animals, as O2 moves through slowly

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11
Q

surface area to volume ratio

A

bigger the animal the smaller the ratio - they need respiratory organs with larger surface area

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12
Q

size increases ______ with surface area

A

proportionately

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13
Q

warm blood or cold blood need more O2?

A

warm blood to maintain body temperature

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14
Q

gas exchange membrane of birds and mammals

A

thinner for more efficient gas exchange

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15
Q

steps of respiration in large animals

A

breathing movements - ventilation
gas diffuses across respiratory epithelia
bulk transport of gases - perfusion
diffusion of gases across capillary walls

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16
Q

rate of diffusion of gas

A

proportional to partial pressure within total gas mixture

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17
Q

air characteristics at high altitudes

A

reduces pressure not % of O2

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18
Q

water vs air

A

water is more dense + viscous = harder to get O2 out

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19
Q

higher temperature water

A

has less oxygen in it

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20
Q

parts of gills

A

respiratory surfaces
they are branched and folded
increased area for diffusion

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21
Q

how water moves over gills

A

cilia beats and body muscles contract to create flow of water to ventilate gills

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22
Q

external gills

A

extend out from body, no protective coverings

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23
Q

internal gills

A

within body, protected by chambers of body, currents of water directed over gills

24
Q

Ram ventilation

A

don’t have muscles to move water internally, have to keep swimming to be able to ventilate

25
Q

filaments of gills

A

where gas exchange occurs

26
Q

countercurrent flow

A

water and blood in capillaries move opposite directions - most efficient

27
Q

gas exchange in insects

A

no lungs, air enters and leave through spiracles
O2 -> ECF -> cells
CO2 -> ECF -> tracheoles

28
Q

large vs small insects

A

ventilation vs simple diffusion in tracheoles

29
Q

respiratory system of birds

A

small lungs with additional air sacs not used in gas exchange

30
Q

gas exchange in birds

A

blood flow branches into multiple streams which cross capillaries perpendicularly

31
Q

high altitude adaptations

A

larger lungs
greater hemoglobin affinity for oxygen

32
Q

mammalian lung components

A

trachea > divides into two primary bronchi > they branch into many bronchioles > they branch into alveoli

33
Q

walls of lungs

A

two pleura make walls
pleural cavity with intrapleural fluid in between

34
Q

lung inhalation

A

diaphragm contracts and moves down
air pressure in alveoli is below atmospheric pressure

35
Q

lung exhalation

A

diaphragm returns to starting position
air pressure in alveoli is above atmospheric pressure

36
Q

adult male lung capacity

A

5.7 L

37
Q

Total lung capacity

A

max amount of air lungs can hold

38
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air entering or leaving lungs in a single breath

39
Q

functional residual capacity

A

volume of air in lungs at the end of normal passive expiration

40
Q

residual volume

A

minimum amount of air remaining in lungs after max expiration

41
Q

vital capacity

A

maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following maximal inspiration

42
Q

pressure gradient

A

necessary for O2 to diffuse across membrane into blood

43
Q

most efficient gas exchange

A

cross current (avian) over tidal (mammalian)

44
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

located in aortic bodies within aortic arch
monitors pressure of CO2 and O2
information goes to respiratory centers in medulla and pons

45
Q

how is oxygen carried in blood

A

bound to hemoglobin (98%)
dissolved in plasma (2%)

46
Q

importance of hemoglobin

A

oxygen not very soluble in plasma
needs carrier protein

47
Q

O2 transport

A

O2 moves from alveolar air into blood capillary - combines with hemoglobin in RBC

48
Q

Hemoglobin + iron

A

oxygen binds to iron + hemoglobin, which can bind to 4 oxygens at once

49
Q

hemoglobin + O affinity

A

binding of O2 in one site increases affinity for O2 at other sites

50
Q

factors of hemoglobin affinity

A

temperature
pH
CO2

51
Q

O2 diffusion into tissues

A

pressure of O2 in interstitial fluid and body cells lower than blood plasma
O2 goes from blood > IF > body cells

52
Q

CO2 diffusion out of cells

A

pressure of CO2 higher in tissues than blood

53
Q

forms of exiting CO2

A

combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin
combines with H2O to form HCO3 and H+
released into blood and combines with plasma

54
Q

carbonic anhydrase (CA)

A

metalloenzyme - requires Zn
catalyzes conversion of CO2 and H2O to HCO3 and H+

55
Q

CO2 transfer to lungs

A

pressure of CO2 higher in blood than alveolar air
moves from blood > alveolar air

Bio 224 (6 decks)

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