Respiratory

Question 1

Respiration

Answer 1

exchange of respiratory gases - O2 and CO2

Question 2

Why is there a constant need for O2

Answer 2

cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP, which most cells need a constant supply of

Question 3

Anaerobic respiration

Answer 3

does not need O2

Question 4

Aerobic respiration

Answer 4

needs O2

Question 5

external respiration

Answer 5

transport of O2 and CO2 into and out of body
O2 comes from the environment into body

Question 6

internal respiration

Answer 6

transport of O2 and CO2 into and out of cells
O2 gets to cells through the blood stream

Question 7

Cellular respiration

Answer 7

reactions that convert stored energy to ATP
O2 used by mitochondria to produce ATP

Question 8

gas exchange membrane

Answer 8

aka respiratory membrane
thin layer of 1 or 2 epithelia
separates internal tissue from environmental medium

Question 9

diffusion

Answer 9

moves from high to low concentration - follows concentration or pressure gradient

Question 10

Diffusion of O2 is sufficient for what

Answer 10

very small animals, as O2 moves through slowly

Question 11

surface area to volume ratio

Answer 11

bigger the animal the smaller the ratio - they need respiratory organs with larger surface area

Question 12

size increases ______ with surface area

Answer 12

proportionately

Question 13

warm blood or cold blood need more O2?

Answer 13

warm blood to maintain body temperature

Question 14

gas exchange membrane of birds and mammals

Answer 14

thinner for more efficient gas exchange

Question 15

steps of respiration in large animals

Answer 15

breathing movements - ventilation
gas diffuses across respiratory epithelia
bulk transport of gases - perfusion
diffusion of gases across capillary walls

Question 16

rate of diffusion of gas

Answer 16

proportional to partial pressure within total gas mixture

Question 17

air characteristics at high altitudes

Answer 17

reduces pressure not % of O2

Question 18

water vs air

Answer 18

water is more dense + viscous = harder to get O2 out

Question 19

higher temperature water

Answer 19

has less oxygen in it

Question 20

parts of gills

Answer 20

respiratory surfaces
they are branched and folded
increased area for diffusion

Question 21

how water moves over gills

Answer 21

cilia beats and body muscles contract to create flow of water to ventilate gills

Question 22

external gills

Answer 22

extend out from body, no protective coverings

Question 23

internal gills

Answer 23

within body, protected by chambers of body, currents of water directed over gills

Question 24

Ram ventilation

Answer 24

don’t have muscles to move water internally, have to keep swimming to be able to ventilate

Question 25

filaments of gills

Answer 25

where gas exchange occurs

Question 26

countercurrent flow

Answer 26

water and blood in capillaries move opposite directions - most efficient

Question 27

gas exchange in insects

Answer 27

no lungs, air enters and leave through spiracles O2 -> ECF -> cells CO2 -> ECF -> tracheoles

Question 28

large vs small insects

Answer 28

ventilation vs simple diffusion in tracheoles

Question 29

respiratory system of birds

Answer 29

small lungs with additional air sacs not used in gas exchange

Question 30

gas exchange in birds

Answer 30

blood flow branches into multiple streams which cross capillaries perpendicularly

Question 31

high altitude adaptations

Answer 31

larger lungs greater hemoglobin affinity for oxygen

Question 32

mammalian lung components

Answer 32

trachea > divides into two primary bronchi > they branch into many bronchioles > they branch into alveoli

Question 33

walls of lungs

Answer 33

two pleura make walls pleural cavity with intrapleural fluid in between

Question 34

lung inhalation

Answer 34

diaphragm contracts and moves down air pressure in alveoli is below atmospheric pressure

Question 35

lung exhalation

Answer 35

diaphragm returns to starting position air pressure in alveoli is above atmospheric pressure

Question 36

adult male lung capacity

Answer 36

5.7 L

Question 37

Total lung capacity

Answer 37

max amount of air lungs can hold

Question 38

tidal volume

Answer 38

volume of air entering or leaving lungs in a single breath

Question 39

functional residual capacity

Answer 39

volume of air in lungs at the end of normal passive expiration

Question 40

residual volume

Answer 40

minimum amount of air remaining in lungs after max expiration

Question 41

vital capacity

Answer 41

maximum volume of air that can be moved out during a single breath following maximal inspiration

Question 42

pressure gradient

Answer 42

necessary for O2 to diffuse across membrane into blood

Question 43

most efficient gas exchange

Answer 43

cross current (avian) over tidal (mammalian)

Question 44

peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 44

located in aortic bodies within aortic arch monitors pressure of CO2 and O2 information goes to respiratory centers in medulla and pons

Question 45

how is oxygen carried in blood

Answer 45

bound to hemoglobin (98%) dissolved in plasma (2%)

Question 46

importance of hemoglobin

Answer 46

oxygen not very soluble in plasma needs carrier protein

Question 47

O2 transport

Answer 47

O2 moves from alveolar air into blood capillary - combines with hemoglobin in RBC

Question 48

Hemoglobin + iron

Answer 48

oxygen binds to iron + hemoglobin, which can bind to 4 oxygens at once

Question 49

hemoglobin + O affinity

Answer 49

binding of O2 in one site increases affinity for O2 at other sites

Question 50

factors of hemoglobin affinity

Answer 50

temperature pH CO2

Question 51

O2 diffusion into tissues

Answer 51

pressure of O2 in interstitial fluid and body cells lower than blood plasma O2 goes from blood > IF > body cells

Question 52

CO2 diffusion out of cells

Answer 52

pressure of CO2 higher in tissues than blood

Question 53

forms of exiting CO2

Answer 53

combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin combines with H2O to form HCO3 and H+ released into blood and combines with plasma

Question 54

carbonic anhydrase (CA)

Answer 54

metalloenzyme - requires Zn catalyzes conversion of CO2 and H2O to HCO3 and H+

Question 55

CO2 transfer to lungs

Answer 55

pressure of CO2 higher in blood than alveolar air moves from blood > alveolar air