Reproduction

Question 1

asexual reproduction

Answer 1

genetically identical offspring (no genetic diversity)

Question 2

sexual reproduction

Answer 2

mixing of genetic material provides genetic diversity

Question 3

gametogenesis

Answer 3

diploid individual (2n) produces haploid sex cells (n)

Question 4

fertilization

Answer 4

haploid gametes unite to form a new diploid zygote

Question 5

budding

Answer 5

new individual arises from an outgrowth of an older one
ex) sponges

Question 6

fission

Answer 6

one individual separates into 2 or more individuals of about equal size

Question 7

fragmentation/regeneration

Answer 7

individual breaks into small pieces, each piece can form a new individual

Question 8

parthenogenesis

Answer 8

development of an individual from an unfertilized egg
diploid - females
haploid - males

Question 9

some invertebrates alternate ___

Answer 9

between asexual and sexual reproduction

Question 10

simultaneous hermaphroditism

Answer 10

have both ovaries and testes

Question 11

sequential hermaphroditism

Answer 11

change sex

Question 12

protogynous

Answer 12

changes from female to male

Question 13

protoandrous

Answer 13

changes from male to female

Question 14

gametogenesis

Answer 14

haploid gametes produced by germ cells in primary sex organs

Question 15

oogenesis

Answer 15

ovaries produce eggs (ova)
1 egg produced in ovarian cycle

Question 16

spermatogenesis

Answer 16

testes produce sperm
1 diploid parent produces 4 sperm cells

Question 17

progesterone

Answer 17

prepares uterus for receiving the embryo

Question 18

mating

Answer 18

anatomical and behavioral adaptations to bring gametes into close proximity for fertilization

Question 19

ovum

Answer 19

eggs - have a jelly like outer layer

Question 20

sperm

Answer 20

have head and tail
contain mitochondria

Question 21

fertilization mechanism

Answer 21

jelly coat dissolves > sperm head binds to ovum > sperm nucleus enters the ovum > fertilization membrane forms > fusion of two haploid nucleus to form a diploid nucleus

Question 22

external fertilization

Answer 22

animals broadcast eggs and sperm
more vulnerable - release many
in watery environments
requires less energy

Question 23

internal fertilization

Answer 23

more protection

Question 24

oviparous

Answer 24

lay eggs, no support from parents

Question 25

viviparous

Answer 25

live young, nutrients from parents

Question 26

ovoviviparous

Answer 26

young develop in an egg inside parent - live birth but little maternal support

Question 27

cleavage

Answer 27

mitotic cell division into blastomeres - no increase in size or mass

Question 28

gastrulation

Answer 28

gastrula with primary tissue layers, forms primordial germ cells

Question 29

organogenesis

Answer 29

major tissue and organ system development

Question 30

metamorphosis

Answer 30

adult characteristic develop

Question 31

morula

Answer 31

has animal and vegetal pole

Question 32

animal pole

Answer 32

forms the embryo

Question 33

vegetal pole

Answer 33

forms yolk

Question 34

blastocoel

Answer 34

forms body cavity

Question 35

meroblastic

Answer 35

incomplete cleavage

Question 36

holoblastic

Answer 36

complete cleavage

Question 37

three germ layers

Answer 37

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Question 38

archenteron

Answer 38

cells at vegetal pole pushed toward roof of blastocoel, creates folding inside embryo

Question 39

neurulation

Answer 39

forming of neural tube from neural plate

Question 40

neural plate formation

Answer 40

thickening of ectoderm over notochord

Question 41

formation of neural tube

Answer 41

infolding and pinching off of the neural plate

Question 42

somite formation

Answer 42

notochord becomes segmented into somites > forms repeated structures like ribs

Question 43

apoptosis

Answer 43

genetically programmed to die when no longer needed