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Bio 224 > Circulatory > Flashcards

Circulatory Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

all animal cells must:

A

have enough O2 and nutrient
get rid of waste products

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2
Q

Why is there a need for circulatory system?

A

too big for diffusion
impermeable skin blocks diffusion
diffusion is too slow

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3
Q

what is transported in circulatory system?

A

water, respiratory gases, nutrients
waste products
blood clotting factors
hormones
antibodies
heat

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4
Q

simplest form of circulation

A

circulation through open body cavity (no organized system)
water currents bring nutrients and release waste
ex) sponges

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5
Q

open circulatory system

A

blood pumped by heart into open fluid space (animal body cavity - hemocoel)
blood + interstitial fluid = heamolymph
ex) many invertebrate animals

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6
Q

con of open circulatory system

A

low rate of oxygen transfer - not efficient

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7
Q

how insects transport O2

A

tracheole system (not circulatory)

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8
Q

functions of insect hemolymph

A

transports nutrients, hormones, waste, immune molecules
hydraulic skeleton
heat transfer

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9
Q

hydraulic skeleton

A

2 layers of body muscles put pressure on hemolymph to create body shape

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10
Q

hemolymph contains __

A

hemocyanin - metalloprotein with 2 copper atoms

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11
Q

hemocyanin

A

major O2 transporter in invertebrates
reversibly binds a single O2
not bound to blood cells
turns from colorless to blue when oxygenated

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12
Q

components of closed circulatory system

A

fluid
pump - to move fluid
vessels - to carry fluid between pump and body tissues

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13
Q

blood in a closed circulatory system:

A

never leaves the system

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14
Q

blood flow in closed circulatory system

A

in a continuous circuit of tubes

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15
Q

pros of closed circulatory system

A

blood reaches all cells - ideal for large animals
capillaries allow control of blood distribution

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16
Q

single circulation

A

higher blood pressure than open system
one loop, O2 used and replaced on same line
Ex) fish

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17
Q

parallel circulation

A

partially divided
simple double loop system (1 for giving O2, 1 for getting)
ex) amphibians

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18
Q

double circulation

A

completely divided
supports higher rate of cellular metabolism
complex double loop (1 to lungs, 1 to rest of body)
ex) birds & mammals

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19
Q

four chambers of mammalian heart

A

2 atria at top
2 ventricles at bottom

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20
Q

atrioventricular (AV) valves

A

valves between atria and ventricles

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21
Q

Semilunar (SL) valves

A

valves between ventricles and aorta/arteries

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22
Q

circuits of blood

A

pulmonary (right)
systemic (left)

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23
Q

function of valves in heart

A

regulate pressure
prevent backflow

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24
Q

neurogenic hearts

A

beat under control of nervous system
in some crustaceans

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25
Q

myogenic hearts

A

contractions are initiated within heart

26
Q

heart contraction cycle

A

both atria
both ventricles (which contract bottom upwards)

27
Q

during heart contraction cycle:

A

alternating periods of diastole and systole

28
Q

diastole

A

low blood pressure

29
Q

systole

A

high blood pressure

30
Q

systolic pressure (when)

A

at contraction of ventricles

31
Q

diastolic pressure (when)

A

between contractions of heart

32
Q

auto-rhythmic fibers

A

network of special cardiac muscle fibers
source of electrical activity for heart
act as pacemaker

33
Q

heart conduction pathway

A

special cardiac muscle cells, changes speed of conduction

34
Q

myocardium

A

striated cardiac muscle
allows action potentials to spread to all cells

35
Q

Plateau face

A

longer refractory period after action potential to prevent tetanus in heart

36
Q

ECG

A

recording of heart electrical signals
graphed as series of waves during each heart beat

37
Q

how many waves ECG waves in 1 contraction cycle

A

3
P wave > QRS complex > T wave

38
Q

cardiac cycle

A

begins with onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends with beginning of next contraction

39
Q

bradycardia

A

low heart rate (under 60 bpm)

40
Q

tachycardia

A

high heart rate (over 100 bpm)

41
Q

Heart rate

A

number of heartbeats per unit of time

42
Q

resting heart rate

A

heart rate while at rest, usually 75 bpm

43
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected by the ventricle during each contraction

44
Q

cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heartrate

45
Q

what controls heart rate

A

cardiovascular center of medulla oblongata (autonomic)

46
Q

sensory inputs of heart

A

chemoreceptors (chemical changes in blood)
baroreceptors (blood pressure)

47
Q

composition of blood

A

plasma, cellular portion (WBC), RBC

48
Q

arteries

A

carry blood AWAY from heart

49
Q

arterioles

A

branches of arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

50
Q

capillaries

A

exchange material with interstitial fluid

51
Q

venules

A

collect blood from capillaries

52
Q

veins

A

carry blood TO heart

53
Q

artery vs vein

A

narrower, thicker walls, not as elastic, higher pressure

54
Q

skeletal pumping

A

veins squeeze and blood shoots in both directions, valve is closed to prevent backflow

55
Q

respiratory pump

A

blood moves via negative pressure system from thoracic cavity to heart

56
Q

features of capillary

A

walls are a single cells layer
very near body cells
most numerous vessel in body

57
Q

lymphatic system

A

is a key component of immune system

58
Q

what does lymphatic system do

A

collect excess interstitial fluid, now termed lymph

59
Q

parts of lymphatic system

A

lymph, lymphatic vessels/tissues, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus

60
Q

lymphocytes

A

provide immune function in body
filter blood of microbes and pathogens
can produce antibodies

Bio 224 (6 decks)

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