Circulatory

Question 1

all animal cells must:

Answer 1

have enough O2 and nutrient
get rid of waste products

Question 2

Why is there a need for circulatory system?

Answer 2

too big for diffusion
impermeable skin blocks diffusion
diffusion is too slow

Question 3

what is transported in circulatory system?

Answer 3

water, respiratory gases, nutrients
waste products
blood clotting factors
hormones
antibodies
heat

Question 4

simplest form of circulation

Answer 4

circulation through open body cavity (no organized system)
water currents bring nutrients and release waste
ex) sponges

Question 5

open circulatory system

Answer 5

blood pumped by heart into open fluid space (animal body cavity - hemocoel)
blood + interstitial fluid = heamolymph
ex) many invertebrate animals

Question 6

con of open circulatory system

Answer 6

low rate of oxygen transfer - not efficient

Question 7

how insects transport O2

Answer 7

tracheole system (not circulatory)

Question 8

functions of insect hemolymph

Answer 8

transports nutrients, hormones, waste, immune molecules
hydraulic skeleton
heat transfer

Question 9

hydraulic skeleton

Answer 9

2 layers of body muscles put pressure on hemolymph to create body shape

Question 10

hemolymph contains __

Answer 10

hemocyanin - metalloprotein with 2 copper atoms

Question 11

hemocyanin

Answer 11

major O2 transporter in invertebrates
reversibly binds a single O2
not bound to blood cells
turns from colorless to blue when oxygenated

Question 12

components of closed circulatory system

Answer 12

fluid
pump - to move fluid
vessels - to carry fluid between pump and body tissues

Question 13

blood in a closed circulatory system:

Answer 13

never leaves the system

Question 14

blood flow in closed circulatory system

Answer 14

in a continuous circuit of tubes

Question 15

pros of closed circulatory system

Answer 15

blood reaches all cells - ideal for large animals
capillaries allow control of blood distribution

Question 16

single circulation

Answer 16

higher blood pressure than open system
one loop, O2 used and replaced on same line
Ex) fish

Question 17

parallel circulation

Answer 17

partially divided
simple double loop system (1 for giving O2, 1 for getting)
ex) amphibians

Question 18

double circulation

Answer 18

completely divided
supports higher rate of cellular metabolism
complex double loop (1 to lungs, 1 to rest of body)
ex) birds & mammals

Question 19

four chambers of mammalian heart

Answer 19

2 atria at top
2 ventricles at bottom

Question 20

atrioventricular (AV) valves

Answer 20

valves between atria and ventricles

Question 21

Semilunar (SL) valves

Answer 21

valves between ventricles and aorta/arteries

Question 22

circuits of blood

Answer 22

pulmonary (right)
systemic (left)

Question 23

function of valves in heart

Answer 23

regulate pressure
prevent backflow

Question 24

neurogenic hearts

Answer 24

beat under control of nervous system
in some crustaceans

Question 25

myogenic hearts

Answer 25

contractions are initiated within heart

Question 26

heart contraction cycle

Answer 26

both atria both ventricles (which contract bottom upwards)

Question 27

during heart contraction cycle:

Answer 27

alternating periods of diastole and systole

Question 28

diastole

Answer 28

low blood pressure

Question 29

systole

Answer 29

high blood pressure

Question 30

systolic pressure (when)

Answer 30

at contraction of ventricles

Question 31

diastolic pressure (when)

Answer 31

between contractions of heart

Question 32

auto-rhythmic fibers

Answer 32

network of special cardiac muscle fibers source of electrical activity for heart act as pacemaker

Question 33

heart conduction pathway

Answer 33

special cardiac muscle cells, changes speed of conduction

Question 34

myocardium

Answer 34

striated cardiac muscle allows action potentials to spread to all cells

Question 35

Plateau face

Answer 35

longer refractory period after action potential to prevent tetanus in heart

Question 36

ECG

Answer 36

recording of heart electrical signals graphed as series of waves during each heart beat

Question 37

how many waves ECG waves in 1 contraction cycle

Answer 37

3 P wave > QRS complex > T wave

Question 38

cardiac cycle

Answer 38

begins with onset of cardiac muscle contraction and ends with beginning of next contraction

Question 39

bradycardia

Answer 39

low heart rate (under 60 bpm)

Question 40

tachycardia

Answer 40

high heart rate (over 100 bpm)

Question 41

Heart rate

Answer 41

number of heartbeats per unit of time

Question 42

resting heart rate

Answer 42

heart rate while at rest, usually 75 bpm

Question 43

stroke volume

Answer 43

volume of blood ejected by the ventricle during each contraction

Question 44

cardiac output

Answer 44

stroke volume x heartrate

Question 45

what controls heart rate

Answer 45

cardiovascular center of medulla oblongata (autonomic)

Question 46

sensory inputs of heart

Answer 46

chemoreceptors (chemical changes in blood) baroreceptors (blood pressure)

Question 47

composition of blood

Answer 47

plasma, cellular portion (WBC), RBC

Question 48

arteries

Answer 48

carry blood AWAY from heart

Question 49

arterioles

Answer 49

branches of arteries that deliver blood to capillaries

Question 50

capillaries

Answer 50

exchange material with interstitial fluid

Question 51

venules

Answer 51

collect blood from capillaries

Question 52

veins

Answer 52

carry blood TO heart

Question 53

artery vs vein

Answer 53

narrower, thicker walls, not as elastic, higher pressure

Question 54

skeletal pumping

Answer 54

veins squeeze and blood shoots in both directions, valve is closed to prevent backflow

Question 55

respiratory pump

Answer 55

blood moves via negative pressure system from thoracic cavity to heart

Question 56

features of capillary

Answer 56

walls are a single cells layer very near body cells most numerous vessel in body

Question 57

lymphatic system

Answer 57

is a key component of immune system

Question 58

what does lymphatic system do

Answer 58

collect excess interstitial fluid, now termed lymph

Question 59

parts of lymphatic system

Answer 59

lymph, lymphatic vessels/tissues, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus

Question 60

lymphocytes

Answer 60

provide immune function in body filter blood of microbes and pathogens can produce antibodies