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Bio 224 > Digestive > Flashcards

Digestive Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is digestion

A

process of mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into subunits small enough to be absorbed into body (nutrients)

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2
Q

nutrients

A

substances essential for growth and maintaining life

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3
Q

main functions of digestive system

A

breakdown, storage, absorption, elimination of undigested food

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4
Q

macro-nutrients

A

required in large amount
ex) fat, protein

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5
Q

micro-nutrients

A

required in small amount
ex) vitamins, trace elements

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6
Q

essential nutrients

A

cannot be synthesized by animal, must be acquired from food

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7
Q

how many essential amino acids are there (human)

A

9

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8
Q

how many essential fatty acids are there (human)

A

2

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9
Q

how many essential vitamins are there (human)

A

13

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10
Q

examples of fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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11
Q

examples of water soluble vitamins

A

B, C, folic acid

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12
Q

monosaccharide

A

absorbable unit
glucose, fructose, galactose

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13
Q

disaccharides

A

more commonly found in food
sucrose, lactose

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14
Q

polysaccharides

A

chains of interconnected monosaccharides
starch, glycogen

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15
Q

cellulose

A

most abundant organic molecule

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16
Q

protein composition

A

various combinations of amino acids held together with peptide bonds

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17
Q

bulk of dietary fat/lipid:

A

tryglyceride

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18
Q

what do triglycerides break down into

A

glycerol + fatty acids

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19
Q

what do nucleic acids break down into

A

nucleotides > nucleosides > ribose + N-base

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20
Q

calorie (cal)

A

the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degrees Celsius

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21
Q

how are bonds broken in digestive system

A

enzymatic hydrolysis

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22
Q

chemical reactions driven by specific enzymes

A

amylases, lipases, proteases, nucleases

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23
Q

intracellular digestion

A

cells take in food particles by endocytosis

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24
Q

extracellular digestion

A

takes place in digestive tract

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25
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

functions in both digestion and distribution of nutrients

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26
Q

gastrovascular cavity vs tract

A

single opening vs separate mouth + anus

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27
Q

fluid feeders

A

ingest liquids containing organic molecules

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28
Q

suspension feeders

A

eat small particles of organic matter or small organisms suspended in fluids

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29
Q

deposit feeders

A

ingest small organic particles from solid matter that feeders live in or on

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30
Q

bulk feeders

A

consume large pieces of organisms or entire large organisms

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31
Q

tapeworms are ____ feeders

A

fluid > they have no digestive tract
they absorb nutrients by diffusion across their skin

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32
Q

gizzard

A

primitive form of stomach that uses stones to grind the food

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33
Q

typhlosole

A

finger-like projections in intestines that increase surface area

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34
Q

steps of grasshopper digestion

A

foregut, midgut, hindgut

35
Q

foregut components

A

mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, crop, gizzard

36
Q

midgut

A

where chemical digestion takes place

37
Q

hindgut components

A

anterior, ileum, middle colon, posterior rectum, anus

38
Q

canal of bird digestive tract

A

oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, gizzard, small intestine, large intestine

39
Q

carnivore

A

digest animal product

40
Q

herbivore

A

digest plant products

41
Q

omnivore

A

digestive combination of plants and animals

42
Q

carnivore digestive system

A

enlarged stomach, gastrointestinal tract is shorter, much smaller cecum

43
Q

herbivore digestive system

A

long digestive tracts because it takes a long time to absorb nutrients from plant material
large cecum which helps breakdown plant material and cellulose

44
Q

monogastric

A

have simple single-chambered stomach such as humans, swine, rabbits, horses

45
Q

ruminants

A

have a four-chambered complex stomach > cow, goat, sheep

46
Q

glands in monogastrics

A

secrete gastric juices that contain HCl

47
Q

what forces chyme into small intestine

A

stomach muscles

48
Q

4 chambers of a ruminant

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

49
Q

rumen and reticulum

A

stores food with no secretion (mechanical breakdown)

50
Q

omasum

A

absorbs water from food

51
Q

abomasum

A

chemical digestion > acid + enzymes secreted

52
Q

5 stages of GI tract digestion

A

mechanical processing
secretion of enzymes & digestive aids
enzymatic hydrolysis (food > molecular subunits)
absorption
elimination of undigested matter

53
Q

Human GI tract pathway

A

mouth > pharynx > esophagus > stomach > small intestine > large intestine

54
Q

accessory digestive organs

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

55
Q

4 layers of GI tract

A

mucosa > submucosa > muscularis > serosa
^innermost to outermost

56
Q

mucosa

A

innermost layer of GI wall surrounding lumen
secretes enzymes & hormones

57
Q

submucosa

A

2nd innermost layer of GI tract
binds mucosa to muscularis
many nerves > enteric nervous system

58
Q

muscularis

A

2nd outermost layer of GI tract
skeletal muscle and smooth muscle

59
Q

serosa

A

outermost layer of GI tract
membrane of areolar connective tissue and simple epithelium

60
Q

oral cavity

A

chamber that contains teeth & tongue, receives secretions from salivary glands

61
Q

swallowing procedure

A

bolus is swallowed through pharynx and esophagus to stomach
epiglottis blocks trachea

62
Q

peristalsis

A

involuntary contraction and relaxation of muscles of GI tract

63
Q

peristaltic waves

A

coordinated contraction of circular and longitudinal muscles to move content from stomach to anus

64
Q

chyme

A

mix of food, stomach acid & enzymes

65
Q

gastric juices

A

contain HCl, gives stomach pH of 2, kills most bacteria in food

66
Q

pepsin

A

begins digestion of proteins

67
Q

gastric lipase

A

aids digestion of triglycerides

68
Q

what does HCl in stomach do

A

does not digest food
breaks down the connective tissue of meat and proteins

69
Q

what protects stomach wall from HCl

A

mucus

70
Q

duodenum

A

first 25 cm of small intestine

71
Q

jejunum

A

second portion of small intestine

72
Q

ileum

A

last portion of small intestine

73
Q

ileocecal sphincter

A

connects small and large intestines

74
Q

walls of small intestine

A

covered in projections called villi, which host thousands of microvilli

75
Q

villi

A

located on walls of small intestine, contain blood and lymphatic capillaries

76
Q

role of small intestine

A

completes digestion, absorption of nutrients

77
Q

liver secretions

A

bile that emulsifies fats

78
Q

gallbladder role

A

stores bile, which is eventually secreted in duodenum

79
Q

chylomicrons

A

small droplets of triglycerides covered by a hydrophilic protein coat > taken up by lymph vessels and transferred into blood stream

80
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

joined together capillaries and veins coming from small intestine

81
Q

content of large intestine

A

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum

82
Q

main function of large intestine

A

absorbing water and other ions

83
Q

500 species of ____ live in intestines

A

bacteria

Bio 224 (6 decks)

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