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Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What is functional capacity

A

residual volume + expiratory reserve volume

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2
Q

What is vital capacity

A

Maximum amount of air that can be taken in (inspiratory reserve + tidal vol. + expiratory reserve)

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3
Q

What is total lung capacity

A

vital capacity + residual volume

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4
Q

What is tidal volume

A

amount of air inspired and expired with a normal breath

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5
Q

What increases O2 affinity to hemoglobin (left shift of O2/HB dissociation curve)b

A

Decreased temp, decreased CO2, alkalosis (high pH), decreased DPG, methemoglobinemia, carbon monoxide toxicity, fetal hemoglobin

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6
Q

What decreases O2 affinity to hemoglobin (right shift of O2/Hb dissociation curve)

A

Increased temp, increased CO2, acidosis (low pH), increased 2,3 DPG, hypoxia, anemia, sickle cell

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7
Q

How is carbonic anhydrase converted into carbonic acid

A

Dissolve CO2 or bicarbonate + H ion (most CO2 is carried in blood as bicarbonate)

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8
Q

Where are J receptors located and when are they stimulated

A

Located in the alveolar wall and stimulated when capillaries are filled with blood or pulmonary edema occurs)

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9
Q

Low oxygen in alveoli leads to what in the tissue immediately adjacent to them

A

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells)

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10
Q

Bradykinin is degraded where

A

Lungs

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11
Q

What receptors are affected by epinephrine to cause bronchodilation

A

B2

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12
Q

Alveolar gas exchange is directly proportional to what

A

surface area of alveoli

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13
Q

What is the major site of airway resistance

A

medium sized bronchi

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14
Q

Where is the respiratory centers located in the brain

A

Pons and medulla

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15
Q

What area of the lung normally has high V/Q ratio

A

Dorsal (high oxygenation and low perfusion)

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16
Q

What areas of the lung normally has low V/Q ratio

A

Ventral (low oxygenation and high perfusion due to gravity)

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17
Q

What is a normal V/Q ratio

A

0.8-1

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18
Q

What is the most common cause of hypoxemia

A

V/Q mismatch

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19
Q

What is the most common V/Q mismatch

A

PTE

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20
Q

What is surfactant made by

A

Type II pneumocytes

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21
Q

What has no ventilation and high perfusion

A

Shunt

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22
Q

What has high ventilation and no perfusion

A

anatomic dead space

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23
Q

What are causes of hypoexmia

A

Decreased O2 concertation, VQ mismatch, anatomic shunting (PDA), diffusion impairment, hypoventilation

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24
Q

Are shunts responsive to oxygen therapy

A

No - another one is cyanide

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25
Q

What happens with carbon monoxide poisoning

A

CO binds Hb with greater affinity than O2 so there is decreased O2 carrying capacity

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26
Q

What causes cyanosis

A

anoxia

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27
Q

What can bronchiectasis lead to

A

increased mucous, infection, inflammation leading to dilation of lower airways, irreversible change, inflammatory cells produce cytokines and proteolytic enzymes to destroy bronchi structures

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28
Q

What medication is used to treat asthma

A

fluticazone

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29
Q

What is the most specific diagnostic test for asthma

A

response to terbutaline

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30
Q

What is recommend to prevent nasal polyps

A

Bulla osteotomy

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31
Q

What WBC removes foreign material in the pulmonary alveoli

A

Macrophages

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32
Q

What is the function of surfactant

A

Reduce surface tension and increase compliance of the alveoli

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33
Q

What happens to adjacent alveoli when the oxygen concentration decreases

A

vasoconstriction of capillaries and movement of blood to other parts of the lung

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34
Q

What is functional residual capacity

A

Volumes of lungs after normal expiration (expiratory reserve + residual volume)

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35
Q

In hypoxia what will not respond to O2 therapy

A

Anemia, shunt, etc

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36
Q

What has the highest VQ mismatch

A

PTE

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37
Q

In chylous effusion what do you compare it to

A

triglyceride levels (fluid should be higher than serum triglycerides)

38
Q

What is the physiological response to metabolic alkalosis

A

Hypoventilation

39
Q

What causes a right shift in the O2-Hb curve

A

Increased PCO2, acidosis (decreased pH), increased temp, increased DPG

40
Q

What part of the airways has the highest resistance

A

medium sized bronchi

41
Q

What happens in the lungs during hypoxia

A

vasoconstriction

42
Q

What does hypoventilation compensate for

A

metabolic alkalosis (hypoventilation increased PCO2)

43
Q

What are 5 causes of hypoxemia

A

Low oxygenation, alveolar hypoventilation, VQ mismatch, right to left shunt (PDA), and diffusion impairment

44
Q

What conditions are least likely to respond to oxygen therapy

A

hypoventilation and right to left shunt (PDA)

45
Q

What is the most common community acquired pneumonia in cats

A

Pasturella?

46
Q

What is the most specific test for feline asthma

A

> 25% eosinophils BALF*** vs. drug test?

47
Q

What is functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve + residual volume

48
Q

Which respiratory parasite can be diagnosed with a Baerman

A

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus (feline lungworm)

49
Q

What is the treatment for canine lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis

A

treat underlying or secondary infections (azithrymycin, clinda, doxy), antihistamines, steroids, +/- cyclosporine or other immunosuppressive drugs

50
Q

MOA of theophylline

A

PDE inhibitor –> inhibits cAMP (bronchodilator)

51
Q

MOA aminophylline

A

Salt of theophylline - converted to theophylline after ingestion

52
Q

What is the metabolism of theophylline and aminophylline

A

extensive liver metabolism vs. cP450

53
Q

What drugs interact with theophylline/aminophylline

A

fluoroquinolones (increases), cimetidine (increases), erythromycin (increases), propranolol (increases), phenobarbital (decreases)

54
Q

Where is bradykinin degraded

A

lungs by ACE (B2?)

55
Q

What is capillaria aerophilia

A

Canine and feline large airway epithelium parasite - related to trichuris vulpis and detected via fecal float and treated with fenbendazole

56
Q

What is oslerus osleri

A

distal trachea and proximal bronchi airway parasite, causes granulomas and can lead to pneumothorax, diagnose via Zn sulfate, and treat with fenbendazole and ivermectin

57
Q

What is aleurostrongylus abstrusus

A

feline lung worm that cuases diffuse interstitial nodular or peribronchial pattern seen in the south US and dx via Baermann and treated with fenbendazole and selamectin

58
Q

What is Paragonimus kellicoti

A

lung fluke in dog and cats causes bullae and cysts in pulmonary parenchyma. Seen on fecal sediment and treat with fenbendazole and praziquantel

59
Q

What is Crenosoma vulpis

A

Seen in dogs only in the NE US with lower respiratory signs seen on Baermann and Zn Sulfate treat with fenbendazole and ivermectin

60
Q

What is filaroides hirthi

A

nematode seen in the alveolar spaces causes a diffuse bronchial pattern dx via Zn sulfate and tx with fenbendazole and ivermectin

61
Q

What is eucoleous bohemi

A

tracheal and brochial mucosa, fecal > baermann - seen in cats and dogs world wide

62
Q

What is pneumocystis carinii

A

fungus that causes interstitial pneumonia seen in dachshunds and CKCS

63
Q

Treatment for tension pneumothorax

A

immediate evacuation of air from chest cavity followed by chest tube placement and then surgery

64
Q

What segment of the airways has the least resistance

A

alveoli

65
Q

What happens to CO2 in chronic bronchitis

A

Mild to moderate hypoxemia with no changes to CO2

66
Q

MOA of albuterol

A

Beta2 adrenergic agonist causes bronchodilation of the smooth muscles - high doses can lead to hypokalemia and secondary hyperglycemia

67
Q

MOA terbutaline

A

Beta2 adrenergic agonist

68
Q

What is the normal AA gradient

A

<12 mmHg

69
Q

What causes hypoventilation

A

decrease in PO2 and alkalosis

70
Q

Causes of hypoxia

A

decreased cardiac output, decreased PaO2, anemia (decreased Hb), CO poisoning, cyanide poisoning

71
Q

What is the major form of CO2 in the blood

A

HCO3

72
Q

What is the haldane effect

A

Oxygenation of the blood in the lungs displaces a small amount of CO2 from Hb

73
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

Increases in PCO2 or decreases in pH will shift curve to the right and facilitate unloading of O2

74
Q

Which respiratory conditions are not oxygen responsive

A

right to left shunt (PDA) and hypoventilation from airway obstruction

75
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume

A

additional amount of air that can be inhaled after normal inhalation

76
Q

What antibody will help remove pathogens in the upper airway

A

IgA

77
Q

10yr pitbull with exercise intolerance and heart murmur

A

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

78
Q

What is the best test for lower dynamic airway collapse

A

Fluroscopy (other options CT, rads)

79
Q

What bacteria in pleural effusion is a partial acid fast gram negative

A

Nocardia

80
Q

What is a cause of a gram negative bacteria in a cat with pyothorax

A

pasteurella

81
Q

How do you diagnose Aerostrongylus

A

Baermann

82
Q

If alveolar O2 concentrations drop <70mmHg what happens

A

capillaries constrict and blood shunts to other areas)

83
Q

What would be least responsive O2 treatment

A

cyanide poisoning

84
Q

What is compensation for metabolic acidosis

A

hyperventilation

85
Q

What happens to foreign material in the alveoli

A

options: cough, mucociliary clearance, macrophages, IgE

86
Q

What do you compare in chylous effusion

A

triglycerides in effusion and serum

87
Q

Function of surfactant

A

reduce surface tension and increase compliance

88
Q

What happens to adjacent alveoli when the oxygen concentration decreases

A

vasoconstriction (capillaries) and movement of blood to other parts of the lung

89
Q

What has the highest VQ mismatch

A

PTE

90
Q

What labwork do you compare chylous effusion to

A

TG (fluid should be higher than serum)

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