Respiratory

Question 1

List the order of the respiratory system

Answer 1

• Nasal cavity
• larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• bronchioles
• alveoli

Question 2

Diffusion definition

Answer 2

The movement of gas from a high partial pressure to a lower partial pressure

Question 3

Gaseous exchange

Answer 3

The movement of o2 from the air into the blood and co2 from the blood into the air
Removal of carbon dioxide from blood

Question 4

How does diffusion happen?

Answer 4

• Alveoli and capillary are 1 cell thick
• high concentration of o2 in alveoli, low o2 in capillary
• high co2 concentration in capillaries and low in alveoli
• move from high to low concentration
• o2 moves into blood and co2 out of blood
• we breathe out extra o2

Question 5

Mechanics of breathing
Breathing in=
Breathing out=
Thoracic cavity=

Answer 5

Inspiration
Expiration
Anything inside the chest

Question 6

‘Inspiration’ what happens to the body?

Answer 6

• diaphragm contracts and flattens (extra space in thoracic cavity)
• rib cage goes up and out from intercostal muscles contracting
  -air pressure inside the lungs is lower

Question 7

‘Expiration’ what happens to the body?

Answer 7

• diaphragm relaxes (dome shape) and smaller area in thoracic cavity
• ribs go down and in as external intercostal muscles relax
• increase of partial pressure in thoracic cavity

Question 8

Tidal volume

Answer 8

Volume of air breathed in or out per breath

Question 9

Residual volume

Answer 9

Amount of air left in lungs after maximal expiration

Question 10

Lung volume changes during exercise
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
Expiratory reserve volume
Residual volume
Minute ventilation

Answer 10

Increases
Decreases
Slight decrease
Remains the same
Big increase

Question 11

3 types of control of breathing

Answer 11

Neural control- what the brain and nerves do to control breathing
Chemical control- how blood acidity affects breathing
Hormonal control- releases of adrenaline which enters blood stream and causes BR to increase

Question 12

Other factors linked to neural control

Answer 12

Propioceptors
Baroreceptors
Stretch receptors (prevent over inflation of the lungs)

Question 13

Where is the respiratory centre found

Answer 13

The medulla oblongata

Question 14

Effects of training on respiratory system (3)

Answer 14

Increased surface area of alveoli
Increased capillary density around alveoli/muscle
Respiratory muscles strengthened
Increased depth of breathing
Increased tidal volume
Increased vital capacity

Question 15

Impact of smoking

Answer 15

Irritation of trachea and bronchi
Reduces lung function
Causes breathlessness due to swelling and narrowing of airways
Breaks down alveolus walls - less space for gaseous exchange and shortness of breath

Question 16

Diffusion pathway of oxygen

Answer 16

Alveoli - blood - muscles

Question 17

Diffusion pathway of carbon dioxide

Answer 17

Muscles - blood - alveoli

Question 18

Factors affecting neural control of breathing

Answer 18

Mechanical factors - proprioceptors
Baroreceptors
Stretch receptors

Question 19

Order of neural/chemical control for inspiration

Answer 19

Receptors - medulla - phrenic nerve - diaphragm and external intercostals

Question 20

Order of neural/chemical control for expiration is :

Answer 20

Receptors - medulla - intercostal nerve - abdominals and internal intercostals

Question 21

Minute ventilation

Answer 21

Volume of air breathed in or out per minute

Question 22

3 factors involved in regulation of pulmonary ventilation during exercise:

Answer 22

Neural control
Chemical control
Hormonal control

Question 23

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 23

Breathing

Question 24

What do alveoli do?

Answer 24

Diffuse oxygen and carbon dioxide into and out of blood stream into lungs

Question 25

Why are alveoli so good?

Answer 25

Numerous
Thin walls
Large surface area
Covered in capillaries