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Specialty Revision > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What difference in 25(OH)D levels has been shown in dogs with clinical signs of CIRDC?

A

Dogs with clinical signs are around 7.3mg/dL lower than healthy dogs. This may just be a result of an inflammatory state although in humans it has been shown that low vitamin D levels are associated with the increased chance of development of respiratory infections and that supplementation is beneficial in treatment.

https://paperpile.com/app/p/9197807d-850f-0f7c-a261-1966b61ba180

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2
Q

How does the % of cytology-detected vs. culture positive results compare in dogs having a TTW

A

% detected cytologically is around 35% and culture 70% positivity. Negative cytology does not predict negative culture but did seem to predict bacterial growth

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3
Q

What percentage of dogs with laryngeal paralysis treatment with aretenyoid lateralisation develop aspiration pneumonia following surgery?

A

8 - 21%

https://paperpile.com/app/p/fcd723e9-15e4-0263-b6cd-fdb2f5a2e7d4

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4
Q

What is doxepin?

A

A tricyclic antidepressant with antagonises multiple serotonin, muscarinic, histamine, and dopaminergic receptors. It has been described to improve clinical signs in dogs with laryngeal paralysis.

https://paperpile.com/app/p/fcd723e9-15e4-0263-b6cd-fdb2f5a2e7d4

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5
Q

Does doxepin have a benefit on dogs with laryngeal paralysis QoL?

A

No

https://paperpile.com/app/p/fcd723e9-15e4-0263-b6cd-fdb2f5a2e7d4

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6
Q

Most common diagnoses made in dogs with bronchiectasis?

A

Pneumonia (52%)
Inflammatory airway disease (36%)
Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (12%)

https://paperpile.com/app/p/020be3a7-1e96-02b6-a051-9d014cb7682e

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7
Q

What is the role of maropitnant in the treatment of canine chronic bronchitis?

A

May reduce cough frequency but does not reduce airway inflammation so should not be used as a primary treatment.

https://paperpile.com/app/p/101cebc5-684c-0f1b-94c7-823670c24833

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8
Q

What frequency of culture positive rates are their for BALF in dogs with Bordetella infection compared to qPCR?

A

50% cultured positive, qPCR detected 100% of samples.

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9
Q

What percentage of cats with upper respiratory tract aspergillosis have a positive serum IgA titre and how is this useful diagnostically?

A
  • IgA in serum of affected cats was detected in 91.3% of cats
  • There was no real benefit to using IgA combined with IgG measurement over IgG measurement alone

https://paperpile.com/app/p/b45a9efc-2891-08f3-a331-b53a7f14b02d

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10
Q

What technique could be used in dogs with megaoesophagus that fail initial feeding management and keep getting aspiration pneumonia?

A

Intermittent oesophageal suctioning via oesophagostomy tube or directly orally.

https://paperpile.com/app/p/017d5e17-b8a6-0ed2-b551-d9a1d37c972c

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11
Q

Which inflammatory biomarkers have been shown to be increased in bacterial pneumonia in dogs and which ones are more useful?

A

SAA, haptoglobin and CRP

Discontinuation of antibiotics 5 - 7 days after normalisation of CRP lead to shorter treatment durations (21 days compared to 35 days) with no increased chance of relapses.

https://paperpile.com/app/p/34f5c685-d534-0bb3-93b6-2e9058d202e7

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12
Q

Amount of deposition of inhaled fluticasone that reaches the lower airway with nebulisation vs. MDI in dogs

A
  • Nebulisation achieved higher deposition in the lower airway (4.2%) compared to 2.3% with the MDI
  • Sedation did not affect the respiratory tract deposition
  • These values asre similar to what is noted in children.

https://paperpile.com/app/p/2d2aa8fd-bedc-092d-beb6-59f40a34a8af

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13
Q

Which bacterial organsims are more likely to overgrow in BALF samples that are not stored at 4 degrees?

A

E. coli and Bordetella

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14
Q

What inhalational technique may maximise the deposition of fluticasone in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Nebulisation (4.2%) in comparison to a MDI (2.3%)

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15
Q

What is the effect of feline cheek pheramone on URT disease in cats?

A

It may decrease sneezing and increase sleep times of cats although another study has shown no impact on the incidence of URTI or stress

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16
Q

What is the range of treatments required for dogs undergoing trephination and deposition of clotrimazole cream for SNA?

A

1 - 4 treatments with a cure in a median of 2 treatments

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17
Q

What is the percentage of dogs in the following groups with increased BA in BALF?
- IPF
- Bronchopneumonia
- Chronic Bronchitis
- Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
- Laryngeal disease
- Irish Wolfhounds
- WHWT

A
  • IPF - 78%
  • Bronchopneumonia - 45%
  • Chronic Bronchitis - 62%
  • Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy - 44%
  • Laryngeal disease - 68%
  • Irish Wolfhounds - 13%
  • WHWT - 83%
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18
Q

What gas added to oxygen may impove breathing in brachycephalic dogs?

A

Nitrogen

19
Q

What is the effect of liposome TLR ligand complexes in the treatment of feline FHV?

A

It may decrease FHV-1 DNA if given 24 hours prior to exposure but respiratory scores may not be better and it also activates leukocytes and upregulated cytokines

20
Q

What are the main abnormalities found in IWH with recurrent bacterial pneumonia?

A

Bronchiectasis (10/11)
Unilateral laryngeal paralysis (2/9)
Bilateral laryngeal paralysis (1/9)
Oesophageal hypomotility (2/2)

21
Q

What percentage of dogs with oesophageal dysmotlity are brachycephalic?

A

77%

22
Q

What are the most common complications of tracheal stents?

A

Stent fracture (25%), obstructive tissue ingrowth (19%) and progressive TC (12%)

23
Q

What factors are associated with tracheal stent fracture?

A

Tapering tracheas and oversized stents
Stents with 14mm nominal diameter

24
Q

What colour of mucus in airways may indicate eosinophilic bronchitis?

A

Yellow-green

25
Q

What is the relationship between peripheral eosinophilia and canine eosinophilic lung diseases?

A

Peripheral eosinophilia is less likely in dogs with eosinophilic bronchitis compared to those with EBP or eosinophilic granuloma

26
Q

Survival time of dogs with eosinophilic granuloma

A

55 months

27
Q

What clinical feature differentiates cats with eosinophilic airway disease compared to other types of inflammatory airway disease?

A

They are younger

28
Q

What antimicrobial may be nebulised to treate Bordetella?

A

Gentamycin, particularly if they have <1000 cells/L on BALFD

29
Q

What are the most common allergens identified in IgE responses in cats with FLAD?

A

Dust mites and storage mites

30
Q

In WHWT with IPF what MMPs have been associated with the disease in serum or BALF?

A

Serum: MMP-7
BALF: MMP9 and MMP2

31
Q

What is the most common pathogen cultured in cats with LAD?

A

Mycoplasma (although this is debated in a subsequent study)

32
Q

Is CRP expected to be higher in dogs with Bordatella or aspiration pneumonia

A

Aspiration pneumonia

33
Q

Which lung lobe is most commonly affected in cases of congenital lobar emphysema?

A

Right middle lung lobe

34
Q

What breed is associated with a BOAS-like upper airway syndrome?

A

Norwhich Terriers

35
Q

What is the most common diagnosis in dogs with BALF lymphocytosis?

A

Airway collapse

36
Q

What is the accuracy of CT for diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?

A

57% with sensitivity 46% and specificity 90%

37
Q

What are the risk factors for and rate of development of aspiration penumonia in dogs undergoing unilateral aretynoid lateralisation?

A

18.6 - 31.8% dogs wil develop it within 1 - 4 years post-operatively.
Risk factors include post-operative megaoesophagus and post-opeartive opioid use. Metoclopramide was not associated with long term risk

38
Q

What percentage of dogs evaluated for a cough will have evidence of laryngeal dysfunction?

A

19%

39
Q

What breed is predispiosed to congenital laryngeal paralysis and what is the treatment?

A

Alaskan Husky, aretenoid lateralisation likely to be effective

40
Q

what is the association between URT and LRT disease and mycoplasma in cats?

A

HAs been associated with URT disease but not lower in a meta analysis

41
Q

When stenting/ballooning dogs and cats with congential NP stenosis, what should you consider about the sucess and type of stent

A

Balloon dilation is successful in 50% cats but 0% dogs- Covered stents have a 100% success rate

42
Q

What treatment should be offered to dogs with severe clinical signs secondary to TC and why?

A

Stents associated with MST 1,338 compared to 12 days for medically managed cases in this group

43
Q

What breeds has uveodermatologic syndrome been reported in?

A

Akitas, Siberian Huskeys and Samoyeds

44
Q

What is uveodermatologic syndrome, what are the clincal manifestations?

A

It is a autoimmune condition of damage to melanin laden tissues and diagnosis is usually based on the presence of a bilateral panuveitis, with pigment dispersion in the AC, retinal detachement and a response to imunnosupresive treatment.

Specialty Revision (13 decks)

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