Respiratory Flashcards
What difference in 25(OH)D levels has been shown in dogs with clinical signs of CIRDC?
Dogs with clinical signs are around 7.3mg/dL lower than healthy dogs. This may just be a result of an inflammatory state although in humans it has been shown that low vitamin D levels are associated with the increased chance of development of respiratory infections and that supplementation is beneficial in treatment.
https://paperpile.com/app/p/9197807d-850f-0f7c-a261-1966b61ba180
How does the % of cytology-detected vs. culture positive results compare in dogs having a TTW
% detected cytologically is around 35% and culture 70% positivity. Negative cytology does not predict negative culture but did seem to predict bacterial growth
What percentage of dogs with laryngeal paralysis treatment with aretenyoid lateralisation develop aspiration pneumonia following surgery?
8 - 21%
https://paperpile.com/app/p/fcd723e9-15e4-0263-b6cd-fdb2f5a2e7d4
What is doxepin?
A tricyclic antidepressant with antagonises multiple serotonin, muscarinic, histamine, and dopaminergic receptors. It has been described to improve clinical signs in dogs with laryngeal paralysis.
https://paperpile.com/app/p/fcd723e9-15e4-0263-b6cd-fdb2f5a2e7d4
Does doxepin have a benefit on dogs with laryngeal paralysis QoL?
No
https://paperpile.com/app/p/fcd723e9-15e4-0263-b6cd-fdb2f5a2e7d4
Most common diagnoses made in dogs with bronchiectasis?
Pneumonia (52%)
Inflammatory airway disease (36%)
Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy (12%)
https://paperpile.com/app/p/020be3a7-1e96-02b6-a051-9d014cb7682e
What is the role of maropitnant in the treatment of canine chronic bronchitis?
May reduce cough frequency but does not reduce airway inflammation so should not be used as a primary treatment.
https://paperpile.com/app/p/101cebc5-684c-0f1b-94c7-823670c24833
What frequency of culture positive rates are their for BALF in dogs with Bordetella infection compared to qPCR?
50% cultured positive, qPCR detected 100% of samples.
What percentage of cats with upper respiratory tract aspergillosis have a positive serum IgA titre and how is this useful diagnostically?
- IgA in serum of affected cats was detected in 91.3% of cats
- There was no real benefit to using IgA combined with IgG measurement over IgG measurement alone
https://paperpile.com/app/p/b45a9efc-2891-08f3-a331-b53a7f14b02d
What technique could be used in dogs with megaoesophagus that fail initial feeding management and keep getting aspiration pneumonia?
Intermittent oesophageal suctioning via oesophagostomy tube or directly orally.
https://paperpile.com/app/p/017d5e17-b8a6-0ed2-b551-d9a1d37c972c
Which inflammatory biomarkers have been shown to be increased in bacterial pneumonia in dogs and which ones are more useful?
SAA, haptoglobin and CRP
Discontinuation of antibiotics 5 - 7 days after normalisation of CRP lead to shorter treatment durations (21 days compared to 35 days) with no increased chance of relapses.
https://paperpile.com/app/p/34f5c685-d534-0bb3-93b6-2e9058d202e7
Amount of deposition of inhaled fluticasone that reaches the lower airway with nebulisation vs. MDI in dogs
- Nebulisation achieved higher deposition in the lower airway (4.2%) compared to 2.3% with the MDI
- Sedation did not affect the respiratory tract deposition
- These values asre similar to what is noted in children.
https://paperpile.com/app/p/2d2aa8fd-bedc-092d-beb6-59f40a34a8af
Which bacterial organsims are more likely to overgrow in BALF samples that are not stored at 4 degrees?
E. coli and Bordetella
What inhalational technique may maximise the deposition of fluticasone in the lower respiratory tract?
Nebulisation (4.2%) in comparison to a MDI (2.3%)
What is the effect of feline cheek pheramone on URT disease in cats?
It may decrease sneezing and increase sleep times of cats although another study has shown no impact on the incidence of URTI or stress
What is the range of treatments required for dogs undergoing trephination and deposition of clotrimazole cream for SNA?
1 - 4 treatments with a cure in a median of 2 treatments
What is the percentage of dogs in the following groups with increased BA in BALF?
- IPF
- Bronchopneumonia
- Chronic Bronchitis
- Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy
- Laryngeal disease
- Irish Wolfhounds
- WHWT
- IPF - 78%
- Bronchopneumonia - 45%
- Chronic Bronchitis - 62%
- Eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy - 44%
- Laryngeal disease - 68%
- Irish Wolfhounds - 13%
- WHWT - 83%
What gas added to oxygen may impove breathing in brachycephalic dogs?
Nitrogen
What is the effect of liposome TLR ligand complexes in the treatment of feline FHV?
It may decrease FHV-1 DNA if given 24 hours prior to exposure but respiratory scores may not be better and it also activates leukocytes and upregulated cytokines
What are the main abnormalities found in IWH with recurrent bacterial pneumonia?
Bronchiectasis (10/11)
Unilateral laryngeal paralysis (2/9)
Bilateral laryngeal paralysis (1/9)
Oesophageal hypomotility (2/2)
What percentage of dogs with oesophageal dysmotlity are brachycephalic?
77%
What are the most common complications of tracheal stents?
Stent fracture (25%), obstructive tissue ingrowth (19%) and progressive TC (12%)
What factors are associated with tracheal stent fracture?
Tapering tracheas and oversized stents
Stents with 14mm nominal diameter
What colour of mucus in airways may indicate eosinophilic bronchitis?
Yellow-green
What is the relationship between peripheral eosinophilia and canine eosinophilic lung diseases?
Peripheral eosinophilia is less likely in dogs with eosinophilic bronchitis compared to those with EBP or eosinophilic granuloma
Survival time of dogs with eosinophilic granuloma
55 months
What clinical feature differentiates cats with eosinophilic airway disease compared to other types of inflammatory airway disease?
They are younger
What antimicrobial may be nebulised to treate Bordetella?
Gentamycin, particularly if they have <1000 cells/L on BALFD
What are the most common allergens identified in IgE responses in cats with FLAD?
Dust mites and storage mites
In WHWT with IPF what MMPs have been associated with the disease in serum or BALF?
Serum: MMP-7
BALF: MMP9 and MMP2
What is the most common pathogen cultured in cats with LAD?
Mycoplasma (although this is debated in a subsequent study)
Is CRP expected to be higher in dogs with Bordatella or aspiration pneumonia
Aspiration pneumonia
Which lung lobe is most commonly affected in cases of congenital lobar emphysema?
Right middle lung lobe
What breed is associated with a BOAS-like upper airway syndrome?
Norwhich Terriers
What is the most common diagnosis in dogs with BALF lymphocytosis?
Airway collapse
What is the accuracy of CT for diagnosis of chronic bronchitis?
57% with sensitivity 46% and specificity 90%
What are the risk factors for and rate of development of aspiration penumonia in dogs undergoing unilateral aretynoid lateralisation?
18.6 - 31.8% dogs wil develop it within 1 - 4 years post-operatively.
Risk factors include post-operative megaoesophagus and post-opeartive opioid use. Metoclopramide was not associated with long term risk
What percentage of dogs evaluated for a cough will have evidence of laryngeal dysfunction?
19%
What breed is predispiosed to congenital laryngeal paralysis and what is the treatment?
Alaskan Husky, aretenoid lateralisation likely to be effective
what is the association between URT and LRT disease and mycoplasma in cats?
HAs been associated with URT disease but not lower in a meta analysis
When stenting/ballooning dogs and cats with congential NP stenosis, what should you consider about the sucess and type of stent
Balloon dilation is successful in 50% cats but 0% dogs- Covered stents have a 100% success rate
What treatment should be offered to dogs with severe clinical signs secondary to TC and why?
Stents associated with MST 1,338 compared to 12 days for medically managed cases in this group
What breeds has uveodermatologic syndrome been reported in?
Akitas, Siberian Huskeys and Samoyeds
What is uveodermatologic syndrome, what are the clincal manifestations?
It is a autoimmune condition of damage to melanin laden tissues and diagnosis is usually based on the presence of a bilateral panuveitis, with pigment dispersion in the AC, retinal detachement and a response to imunnosupresive treatment.
