Pharmacology Flashcards
What is the relationship between homozygous for ABCB-1 mutation and sedation scores in dogs given ACP?
Homozygous dogs had a higher AUC for sedation scores than non-mutated dogs. Interestingly, sedation scores did not show a significant difference between homozygous dogs and unaffected dogs at any timepoint otherwise but they did trend higher.
Other drugs that are affected by MDR-1 mutation are loperaide, ivermectin and vincristine.
https://paperpile.com/app/p/ffa2ac2e-01a9-0908-a89e-24d9cc0df6fc
What is the oral bioavailability of posaconazole in healthy cats?
15.9% - however, oral dosing regimes can still be used to achieve target plasma concentrations (see paper for detail)
https://paperpile.com/app/p/da473fa4-d506-0470-8476-a894a09f4ad7
Frequency of adverse effects and what they are in dogs treated with capromorelin
> 5% vomiting and diarrhoea
https://paperpile.com/app/p/dde76451-525a-0d74-99cd-d9b72cb6b08d
What is the relationship between MIC and breakpoints?
The breakpoint is the the dilution of antibiotic that corresponds to the point at which therapeutic antibiotic levels would be expected at the point of infection. Therefore, if there is growth above this dilution then the bacteria would be expected to be resistant in vivo.
Which antibiotics effectiveness are particularly affected by acidic environments?
Erythromycin
Clindamycin
Fluroquinolones
Aminoglycosides
What is the chemical basis of systemic anti fungal drugs?
Azole group
Azoles are a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom and at least one other non-carbon atom (i.e. nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen) as part of the ring.
Name the main 4 triazoles and the main for imidazoles.
Triazoles:
- Itraconazole
- Fluconazole
- Voriconazole
- Posaconazole
Azoles:
- Ketoconazole
- Clotrimazole
- Enilconazole
- Miconazole
Which azole anti fungal groups have more side effects?
Imidazoles, they have more affinity for cP450 enzymes and also have more endocrine adverse effects than triazoles.
What is the mechanism of action of azole anti fungal drugs?
Competition with CP450 which inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis leading to accumulation of methylated steroles in the fugal cell which increases cell permeability.
General concepts for administration of azole anti fungal drugs
Usually have a high lipophilicity and poor solubility, limiting GI absorption. Therefore:
- Avoid PPIs or other gastric acid suppressors
- Give with food to stimulate GI acid release
- Not very good when compounded or re-formulated
Comparison of dosing of capsules and solution of itraconazole in dogs?
No difference in plasma concentrations with ether formulation. This study suggested that a loading dose of 20mg/kg followed by maintenance dosing of 10mg/kg should achieve adequate concentrations in dogs.
https://paperpile.com/app/p/8724e0f5-327b-02a7-8fc9-776d8abf9183
What dose of leflunomide may be most appropriate for treatment of immune mediated diseases in dogs and why?
Dose of 1.6mg/kg/d (round up to 2mg/kg/d) had similar efficacy without increased adverse effect rate compared to dose of 2.9mg/kg/d.
https://paperpile.com/app/p/de04d5a5-6a87-091b-925e-76937a38ac14
How many days is torasemide compounded oral suspension likely to be ok for?
90 days
https://paperpile.com/app/p/8e199772-3ca3-03ec-a292-a8729f685fca
What is the half life of amoxicillin in cat urine?
2 hours
What percentage of cats will vomit after administration of xylaxine vs. dexmedetomidine, has either drug shown superiority over the other?
51%, no superiority of one over the other.
