Pharmacology Flashcards
What is the relationship between homozygous for ABCB-1 mutation and sedation scores in dogs given ACP?
Homozygous dogs had a higher AUC for sedation scores than non-mutated dogs. Interestingly, sedation scores did not show a significant difference between homozygous dogs and unaffected dogs at any timepoint otherwise but they did trend higher.
Other drugs that are affected by MDR-1 mutation are loperaide, ivermectin and vincristine.
https://paperpile.com/app/p/ffa2ac2e-01a9-0908-a89e-24d9cc0df6fc
What is the oral bioavailability of posaconazole in healthy cats?
15.9% - however, oral dosing regimes can still be used to achieve target plasma concentrations (see paper for detail)
https://paperpile.com/app/p/da473fa4-d506-0470-8476-a894a09f4ad7
Frequency of adverse effects and what they are in dogs treated with capromorelin
> 5% vomiting and diarrhoea
https://paperpile.com/app/p/dde76451-525a-0d74-99cd-d9b72cb6b08d
What is the relationship between MIC and breakpoints?
The breakpoint is the the dilution of antibiotic that corresponds to the point at which therapeutic antibiotic levels would be expected at the point of infection. Therefore, if there is growth above this dilution then the bacteria would be expected to be resistant in vivo.
Which antibiotics effectiveness are particularly affected by acidic environments?
Erythromycin
Clindamycin
Fluroquinolones
Aminoglycosides
What is the chemical basis of systemic anti fungal drugs?
Azole group
Azoles are a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom and at least one other non-carbon atom (i.e. nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen) as part of the ring.
Name the main 4 triazoles and the main for imidazoles.
Triazoles:
- Itraconazole
- Fluconazole
- Voriconazole
- Posaconazole
Azoles:
- Ketoconazole
- Clotrimazole
- Enilconazole
- Miconazole
Which azole anti fungal groups have more side effects?
Imidazoles, they have more affinity for cP450 enzymes and also have more endocrine adverse effects than triazoles.
What is the mechanism of action of azole anti fungal drugs?
Competition with CP450 which inhibits fungal ergosterol synthesis leading to accumulation of methylated steroles in the fugal cell which increases cell permeability.
General concepts for administration of azole anti fungal drugs
Usually have a high lipophilicity and poor solubility, limiting GI absorption. Therefore:
- Avoid PPIs or other gastric acid suppressors
- Give with food to stimulate GI acid release
- Not very good when compounded or re-formulated
Comparison of dosing of capsules and solution of itraconazole in dogs?
No difference in plasma concentrations with ether formulation. This study suggested that a loading dose of 20mg/kg followed by maintenance dosing of 10mg/kg should achieve adequate concentrations in dogs.
https://paperpile.com/app/p/8724e0f5-327b-02a7-8fc9-776d8abf9183
What dose of leflunomide may be most appropriate for treatment of immune mediated diseases in dogs and why?
Dose of 1.6mg/kg/d (round up to 2mg/kg/d) had similar efficacy without increased adverse effect rate compared to dose of 2.9mg/kg/d.
https://paperpile.com/app/p/de04d5a5-6a87-091b-925e-76937a38ac14
How many days is torasemide compounded oral suspension likely to be ok for?
90 days
https://paperpile.com/app/p/8e199772-3ca3-03ec-a292-a8729f685fca
What is the half life of amoxicillin in cat urine?
2 hours
What percentage of cats will vomit after administration of xylaxine vs. dexmedetomidine, has either drug shown superiority over the other?
51%, no superiority of one over the other.
What is the likelihood of stress behaviours being reduced in dogs administered trazodone compared to no trazodone?
2x
What are the side effects noted in cats given a single dose of gabapentin to reduce stress during veterinary visits and how long does it take for these to resolve?
Sedation was a common effect of gabapentin administration, and ataxia, hypersalivation, and vomiting were also reported. All effects resolved within 8 hours after gabapentin administration.
What formulation of itraconazole has beenshown to have better absorption in cats?
Solution - has 3x the absorption of capsules
What dosing regime for cats with famotidine may maximise its benefit
Giving twice every other day rather than daily - the latter as been shown to result in diminised efficacy at day 13.
What are some clinical findings associated with amanitin toxicity and survival of these cases?
Things to note from this study are that ALT was increased in 97% dogs, hypoglycaemia was noted in 78% and coagulation times were prolonged in 91%. Hyperthermia was also common. 22% cases survived intoxication.
What clinical signs could be expected from the ingestion of parts of the Black Walnut Tree?
Wood ingestion = neurologic signs
Nuts/Hulls = GI signs
What percentage of dogs wil develop clinical signs of diphendydramine exposure?
23.5%
What does of duloxetine is more likely to be associated with clinical signs?
> 20mg/kg
Duloxitine is an SSRI
What is the most common presenting sign of isoniazid toxicity and what should be used to treat it?
Seizures
Pyrixodone was found to have a 29x increased chance of survival in dogs that received this treatment.
Isoniazid is a treatment for TB often given in people whichis how animals will become exposed
Most common side effect of trazodone in cats?
Sleepiness
What seems to be the optimal dose of tramadol for cats with OA for reducing clinical signs without causing excessive side effects?
2mg/kg (vs. 1 and 4mg/kg)
What happens to the T 1/2 of mirtazapine in cats with hepatic disease and what is increased T 1/2 associated with?
It doubles
Correlates with ALT, ALP, bilirubin
