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Histology > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

consists of all the components that condition air and bring it into the lungs

A

conducting portion

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2
Q

where gas exchange actually occurs, consisting of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli in the lungs

A

respiratory portion

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3
Q

immobilization of the cilia causes failure to clear mucus containing filtered material and exacerbates the problem, leading eventually to the likelihood of ___

A

squamous metaplasia

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4
Q

A change from pseudostratified ciliated columnar to stratified squamous epithelium can occur, particularly in the mucosa of bronchi. This can produce precancerous ___

A

cell dysplasia

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5
Q

Respiratory epithelium is the classic example of ___

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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6
Q
  • The loss or reduction of the ability to smell
  • caused by traumatic damage to the ethmoid bone that severs olfactory nerve axons or
    by damage to the olfactory epithelium caused by intranasal drug use
A

anosmia or hyposmia

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7
Q

inflammatory process of the sinuses that may persist for long periods of time, mainly because of obstruction of drainage orifices

A

sinusitis

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8
Q

covers the superior conchae bilaterally and sends axons from throughout its entire 10 cm2 area to the brain via small openings in the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

A

olfactory mucosa

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9
Q
  • short air passage between the pharynx and trachea
  • contains skeletal muscles and pieces of cartilage
A

larynx

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10
Q

Inflammation of the larynx

A

laryngitis

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11
Q
  • swelling of the organ’s lamina propria
  • changes the shape of the vocal folds or other parts of the larynx, producing hoarseness or complete loss of voice
A

edema

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12
Q

edema of the laryngeal mucosa is accompanied by both hoarseness and coughs that typically are loud and harsh

A

croup

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13
Q

reflex action produced most often by viral infection or other irritation of the trachea or other region of the respiratory tract

A

coughing

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14
Q

mucus (phlegm) is produced, can be treated by cough suppressants that act on the brain stem and vagus nerve

A

dry cough

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15
Q

treated with expectorants that help loosen mucus covering the respiratory mucosa

A

productive coughs

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16
Q

last component of the air conducting system

A

bronchial tree

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17
Q
  • Stratified squamous, keratinized to nonkeratinized
  • Sebaceous and sweat glands
  • Hyaline cartilage
  • Vibrissae (stiff hairs) and moisture both filter and humidify air
A

Vestibules of nasal cavities

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18
Q
  • Respiratory
  • Seromucous glands
  • Bone and hyaline cartilage
  • Rich vasculature and glands warm, humidify, and clean air
A

Most areas of nasal cavities

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19
Q
  • Olfactory, with bipolar neurons
  • Serous (Bowman) glands
  • Bone (ethmoid)
  • Solubilize and detect odorant molecules in air
A

Superior areas of nasal cavities

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20
Q
  • Respiratory and stratified squamous
  • Seromucous glands
  • Bone and skeletal muscle
  • Conduct air to larynx; pharyngeal and palatine tonsils
A

Nasopharynx and posterior oropharynx

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21
Q
  • Respiratory and stratified squamous
  • Mucous glands, smaller seromucous glands
  • Elastic and hyaline cartilage, ligaments, skeletal muscle
  • Site for phonation; epiglottis closes while swallowing
A

Larynx

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22
Q
  • Respiratory
  • Mainly mucous glands, some serous or mixed glands
  • C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, with smooth (trachealis) muscle in posterior opening of each
  • Conduct air to primary bronchi entering lungs; some MALT
A

trachea

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23
Q
  • Respiratory
  • Prominent spiral bands of smooth muscle; irregular hyaline cartilage plates
  • Repeated branching; conduct air deeper into lungs
A

Bronchi

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24
Q
  • Simple ciliated cuboidal to columnar, with exocrine club cells
  • Prominent circular layer of smooth muscle; no cartilage
  • Conduct air; important in bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation
A

Bronchioles

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25
Q
  • Simple cuboidal, ciliated cells and club cells
  • Thin, incomplete circular layer of smooth muscle; no cartilage
  • Conduct air to respiratory portions of lungs; exocrine club cells with several protective and surfactant functions
A

terminal bronchioles

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26
Q
  • Simple cuboidal, ciliated cells and club cells, with scattered alveoli
  • Fewer smooth muscle fibers, mostly around alveolar openings
  • Conduct air deeper, with some gas exchange, and protective and surfactant functions of club cells
A

Respiratory bronchioles

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27
Q
  • Simple cuboidal between many alveoli
  • Bands of smooth muscle around alveolar openings
  • Conduct air, with much gas exchange
A

Alveolar ducts and sacs

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28
Q
  • Types I and II alveolar cells (pneumocytes)
  • None (but with network of elastic and reticular fibers)
  • Sites of all gas exchange; surfactant from type II pneumocytes; dust cells
A

Alveoli

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29
Q

complete or partial closure of the airway lumen due to fibrosis in the wall

A

obliterative bronchiolitis

30
Q
  • common condition produced by chronic inflammation within the bronchial tree of the lungs
A

asthma

31
Q
  • sudden constrictions of the smooth muscle in bronchiole
  • Constriction is caused by mast cell degranulation triggered by the presence of specific antigens
A

bronchospasms

32
Q

relax the muscle and increase the bronchiole diameter by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, and they are administered during asthma attack

A

epinephrine

33
Q

Obstruction of the air supply in bronchi due to excess mucus or to aspirated material can lead to collapse of pulmonary lobules as circulating blood absorbs gases from the affected alveoli

A

atelectasis

34
Q
  • leading cause
    of death in premature babies
  • incomplete differentiation of type II alveolar cells and a resulting deficit of surfactant and difficulty in expanding the alveoli in breathing.
A

Infant respiratory distress syndrome

35
Q
  • chronic lung disease most commonly caused by cigarette smoking, involves dilation and permanent enlargement of the bronchioles leading to pulmonary acini
A

Emphysema

36
Q
  • loss of cells in the alveoli and other parts of the airway walls, leading to an irreversible loss of respiratory function
  • type of infection in the respiratory regions of the lung produces the local inflammatory condition
A

pneumonia

37
Q
  • collapsed lung caused by air trapped in the pleural cavity
  • resulting from blunt or penetrating trauma to the chest and producing shortness of breath and hypoxia
A

pneumothorax

38
Q
  • inflammation of the pleura
  • caused by an acute viral infection or pneumonia
A

pleuritis or pleurisy

39
Q
  • most common lung cancer in nonsmokers, usually arises from epithelial cells more peripherally, in bronchioles and alveoli
A

Adenocarcinoma

40
Q

less common but highly malignant form of lung cancer, develops after neoplastic transformation of small granule Kulchitsky cells in bronchial respiratory epithelium

A

Small cell carcinoma

41
Q
  • provide oxygen to the blood
  • sound production in the larynx
A

respiratory system

42
Q

upper respiratory tract in the head, as well as the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles

A

conducting region

43
Q

The left and right nasal cavities of the upper respiratory tract have ___ where air enters

A

vestibules

44
Q

create turbulence in inspired air

A

conchae

45
Q

filter some material from inspired air

A

nares or nostrils

46
Q

goblet cells secreting mucus, ciliated columnar cells sweeping the mucus along the surface, chemosensory brush cells, scattered endocrine cells, and basal stem cells

A

Respiratory epithelium

47
Q

The roof and part of the superior concha in each nasal cavity are covered by ___, which is pseudostratified epithelium containing bipolar olfactory neurons, support cells, and stem cells

A

olfactory epithelium

48
Q

The mucosa of the nasal cavities and nasopharynx also contains a rich ___ and many ___, which help warm, humidify, and clean inspired air

A

vasculature; seromucous glands

49
Q

completely lined by respiratory epithelium and is supported by C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage, with smooth trachealis muscles in the posterior opening of the rings

A

trachea

50
Q

enter the two lungs and bifurcate repeatedly as secondary, tertiary, and smaller segmental bronchi with the lung tissue as the bronchial tree

A

Left and right primary bronchi

51
Q

and their branches are lined by respiratory mucosa, with prominent spiraling bands of smooth muscle and increasingly smaller pieces of hyaline cartilage

A

bronchi

52
Q

Branches of the bronchial tree with diameters of 1 mm or less are generally called ___, which are lined by simple columnar or cuboidal ciliated cells, with circular smooth muscle but no cartilage

A

bronchioles

53
Q

last branches to lack alveoli and are lined by simple cuboidal epithelium consisting mainly of club cells, which have innate immune and surfactant secretory functions

A

terminal bronchioles

54
Q

Terminal bronchioles subdivide into two or three ___, lined by simple cuboidal epithelium and interrupted by scattered squamous evaginations called alveoli, the sites of gas exchange

A

respiratory bronchioles

55
Q

respiratory bronchiole leads to an ___, which is lined by a continuous series of alveoli and which ends in a cluster of alveoli called the alveolar sac

A

alveolar duct

56
Q

All alveoli are surrounded by sparse connective tissue in ___ consisting primarily of elastic and reticular fibers and a dense capillary network

A

interalveolar septa

57
Q

The wall of each alveolus consists of alveolar cells, or pneumocytes, of two types: extremely thin ___ and ___ with surfactant secreting and innate immune properties

A

type I alveolar cells; cuboidal type II alveolar cells

58
Q

ultrastructurally by unique cytoplasmic lamellar bodies, large granules with closely stacked layers of membrane involved in surfactant synthesis

A

Type II alveolar cells

59
Q

thin type I alveolar cell, the thin capillary endothelial cells, and the fused basal laminae of these two cells

A

blood air barrier

60
Q

secreted by exocrine club cells and type II alveolar cells is an oily mixture of cholesterol, phospholipids and surfactant proteins, which forms a film and lowers surface tension in alveoli

A

surfactant material

61
Q

a layer of thin connective tissue and mesothelium

A

visceral pleura

62
Q

similar tissue layer that lines the pleural cavity

A

parietal pleura

63
Q

Which of the following components increase(s) as a proportion of the respiratory tract wall from trachea to alveoli?

A

Elastic fibers

64
Q

Air moving rapidly across the vocal cords and causing them to vibrate and produce sound is contacting what type of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized

65
Q

Which structural feature distinguishes between terminal and respiratory bronchioles?

A

Alveoli

66
Q

Which of the following features distinguishes a bronchus within a lung from the primary bronchi?

A

Irregular plates of cartilage

67
Q

Which feature involved in protection of the respiratory tract is
absent from the digestive tract?

A

Cilia

68
Q

Forms layer rich in phospholipid overlying a thin aqueous
phase

A

pulmonary surfactant

69
Q

The pulmonary (functional) and bronchial (nutritive) arterial systems enter the lungs separately at the hilus but anastomose into a single system at which level?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

70
Q

After 35 weeks of gestation, a 5-lb 5-oz girl is born to a 30-year-old gravid 2, para 2 (G2P2) woman. The infant has rapid and labored breathing, which is viewed as transient tachypnea of the newborn. The infant’s 1- and 5-min APGAR scores are 8 and 9, respectively. She has respiratory distress, with a normal pulse and no heart murmurs. She is transported to the neonatal intensive care unit with worsening tachypnea. In this infant which of the following is likely to be involved?

A

Failure of type II pneumocytes to complete differentiation and become fully functional

71
Q

A teenage girl presents at the ER with paroxysms of dyspnea, cough, and wheezing. Her parents indicate that she had these “attacks” during the past winter and that they have worsened and become more frequent during the spring. Which of the following cell types and their location is correctly matched to a function it may perform in this patient’s disorder?

A

Mast cells in BALT, bronchoconstriction, and edema

72
Q

A 28-year-old man is diagnosed with a testicular germ cell tumor. The tumor is surgically removed and he begins chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin. Bleomycin chemotherapy is known to affect the lung blood-air barrier. Which of the following best describes the structural site of those effects?

A

Fused basal laminae of epithelial and endothelial cells

Histology (7 decks)

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