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Histology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

introduction of food and liquid into the oral cavity

A

ingestion

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2
Q

chewing, which divides solid food into digestible pieces

A

mastication

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3
Q

muscular movements of materials through the tract

A

motility

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4
Q

lubricating and protective mucus, digestive enzymes, acidic and alkaline fluids, and bile

A

secretion

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5
Q

for local control of motility and secretion

A

hormone release

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6
Q

enzymatic degradation of large macromolecules in food to smaller molecules and their subunits

A

chemical digestion

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7
Q

four main layers

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa

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8
Q

consists of an epithelial lining; an underlying lamina propria of loose connective tissue rich in blood vessels, lymphatics, lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells, and often containing small glands; and a thin layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae

A

mucosa

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9
Q

separating mucosa from submucosa and allowing local movements of the mucosa

A

muscularis mucosae

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10
Q

contains denser connective tissue with larger blood and lymph vessels and the submucosal (Meissner) plexus of autonomic nerves

A

submucosa

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11
Q

composed of smooth muscle cells organized as two or more sublayers

A

muscularis

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12
Q

In the internal sublayer (closer to the lumen), the fiber orientation is generally

A

circular

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13
Q

in the external sublayer it is

A

longitudinal

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14
Q

thin sheet of loose connective tissue, rich in blood vessels, lymphatics, and adipose tissue, and covered with a simple squamous covering epithelium or mesothelium, is the outermost layer of the digestive tract located within the abdominal cavity

A

serosa

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15
Q

large fold of adipose connective tissue, covered on both sides by mesothelium, that suspends the intestines

A

mesentery

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16
Q

serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

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17
Q

layer of connective tissue continuous with that of surrounding tissues

A

adventitia

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18
Q

plexuses in the digestive tract’s enteric nervous system are absent or severely injured, respectively

A

hirschsprung disease or chagas disease

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19
Q

The keratinized cell layers resist damage from abrasion and are best developed in the ___ on the gingiva (gum) and hard palate

A

masticatory mucosa

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20
Q

Nonkeratinized squamous epithelium predominates in the ___ over the soft palate, cheeks, the floor of the mouth

A

lining mucosa

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21
Q
  • covered by very thin keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and is transitional between the oral mucosa and skin
  • lacks salivary or sweat glands and is kept moist with saliva from the tongue
A

vermilion zone

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22
Q

The papillary and tonsillar areas of the lingual surface are separated by a V-shaped groove called the

A

sulcus terminalis

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23
Q
  • numerous, have an elongated conical shape, and are heavily keratinized, which gives their surface a gray or whitish appearance
  • provide a rough surface that facilitates movement of food during chewing
A

filiform papillae

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24
Q
  • less numerous, lightly keratinized, and interspersed among the filiform papillae
  • mushroom-shaped with well-vascularized and innervated cores of lamina propria.
A

fungiform papillae

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25
Q

consist of several parallel ridges on each side of the tongue, anterior to the sulcus terminalis, but are rudimentary in humans, especially older individuals

A

foliate papillae

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26
Q
  • largest papillae, with diameters of 1-3 mm
  • Ducts of several small, serous salivary (von Ebner) glands empty into the deep, moatlike groove surrounding each vallate papilla
  • provides a continuous flow of fluid over the taste buds that are abundant on the sides of these papillae, washing away food particles so that the taste buds can receive and process new gustatory stimuli
A

vallate papillae (circumvallate)

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27
Q
  • ovoid structures within the stratified epithelium on the tongue’s surface, which sample the general chemical composition of ingested material
  • 250 taste buds are present
A

taste buds

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28
Q

In the adult human there are normally ___ permanent teeth

A

32

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29
Q

deciduous or milk teeth that are shed

A

primary teeth

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30
Q

The crown is covered by very hard, acellular ___ and the roots by a bone-like tissue called cementum

A

enamel

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31
Q

The bulk of a tooth is composed of another calcified material, ___, which surrounds an internal pulp cavity

A

dentin

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32
Q

highly vascular and well-innervated and consists largely of loose, mesenchymal connective tissue with much ground substance, thin collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and mesenchymal stem cells

A

dental pulp

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33
Q

fibrous connective tissue bundles of collagen fibers inserted into both the cementum and the alveolar bone

A

peridontal ligament

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34
Q

calcified tissue harder than bone, consisting of 70% hydroxyapatite

A

dentin

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35
Q

long polarized cells derived from mesenchyme of the developing pulp cavity

A

odontoblasts

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36
Q

white exudate on the tongue’s dorsal surface

A

oral thrush

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37
Q

hardest component of the human body, consist- ing of 96% calcium hydroxyapatite and only 2%-3% organic material including very few proteins and no collagen

A

enamel

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38
Q

Enamel consists of uniform, interlocking columns called ___ (or prisms), each about 5 μm in diameter and surrounded by a thinner layer of other enamel

A

enamel rods

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39
Q

In a developing tooth bud, the matrix for the enamel rods is secreted by tall, polarized cells, the ___ which are part of a specialized epithelium in the tooth bud called the enamel organ

A

ameloblasts

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40
Q

An apical extension from each ameloblast, the ___ process, contains numerous secretory granules with the proteins of the enamel matrix

A

ameloblast (or Tomes)

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41
Q

comprises the structures responsible for maintaining the teeth in the maxillary and mandibular bones

A

periodontium

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42
Q

covers the dentin of the root and resembles bone, but it is avascular

A

cementum

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43
Q

fibrous connective tis- sue with bundled collagen fibers (Sharpey fibers) binding the cementum and the alveolar bone

A

periodontal ligament

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44
Q

lacks the typical lamellar pattern of adult bone but has osteoblasts and osteocytes engaging in continuous remodeling of the bony matrix

A

alveolar bone

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45
Q

Around the peridontium the keratinized oral mucosa of the ___ is firmly bound to the periosteum of the maxillary and mandibular bones

A

gingiva

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46
Q

bound to the tooth enamel by means of a cuticle, which resembles a thick basal lamina to which the epithelial cells are attached by numerous hemidesmosomes

A

junctional epithelium

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47
Q

muscular tube, about 25-cm long in adults, which transports swallowed material from the pharynx to the stomach

A

esophagus

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48
Q

lubricate and protect the mucosa

A

esophageal glands

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49
Q

begins with voluntary muscle action but finishes with involuntary peristalsis

A

swallowing

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50
Q

narrow transitional zone, 1.5-3 cm wide, between the esophagus and the stomach

A

cardia

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51
Q
  • funnel-shaped region that opens into the small intestine
  • involved with mucus production
A

pylorus

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52
Q
  • sites of gastric glands releasing acidic gastric juice
A

fundus and body

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53
Q
  • The mucosa and submucosa of the empty stomach have large, longitudinally directed folds called
  • flatten when the stomach fills with food
A

rugae

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54
Q

present mainly clustered but also occur singly among the other cells in the necks of gastric glands and include many progenitor and immature surface mucous cells

A

mucous neck cells

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55
Q

produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and are present among the mucous neck cells and throughout deeper parts of the gland

A

parietal cells (oxyntic)

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56
Q

a glycoprotein required for uptake of vitamin B12 in the small intestine

A

intrinsic factor

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57
Q
  • predominate in the lower regions of the gastric glands and have all the characteristics of active protein-secreting cells
A

chief cells (zymogenic)

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58
Q

scattered epithelial cells in the gastric mucosa with endocrine or paracrine functions

A

enteroendocrine cells

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59
Q

responsible for the clinical symptoms caused by overproduction of serotonin

A

carcinoids

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60
Q

In the cardia and pylorus regions of the stomach, the mucosa also contains tubular glands, with long pits, branch- ing into coiled secretory portions, called

A

cardiac glands and pyloric glands

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61
Q

Pylorus, duodenum, and pancreatic islets

A

D cells

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62
Q

Stomach, small and large intestines

A

EC cells

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63
Q

Pylorus

A

G cells

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64
Q

Small intestine

A

I cells, Mo cells, S cells

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65
Q

Duodenum and jejunum

A

k cells

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66
Q

Ileum and colon

A

L cells,

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67
Q

Ileum

A

N cells

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68
Q

Somatostatin

A

D CELLS

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69
Q

Serotonin and substance P

A

EC CELLS

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70
Q

Gastrin

A

G CELLS

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71
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

I CELLS

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72
Q

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP)

A

K CELLS

73
Q

Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1)

A

L CELLS

74
Q

Peptide YY

A

L CELLS

75
Q

Motilin

A

MO CELLS

76
Q

Neurotensin

A

N CELLS

77
Q

Secretin

A

S CELLS

78
Q

Increased gut motility

A

EC CELLS

79
Q

Gastric acid secretion

A

G CELLS

80
Q

Pancreatic enzyme secretion, gallbladder contraction

A

I CELLS

81
Q
  • Insulin secretion
  • H2O and electrolyte absorption in large intestine
A

L CELLS

82
Q

Increased gut motility

A

MO CELLS

83
Q

Pancreatic and biliary bicarbonate and water secretion

A

S CELLS

84
Q

Secretion from other DNES cells nearby

A

D CELLS

85
Q

Gastric acid secretion

A

I CELLS, K CELLS, L CELLS, N CELLS

86
Q

Gastric acid secretion Sense of hunger

A

L CELLS

87
Q

Gastric acid secretion Stomach emptying

A

S CELLS

88
Q

composed of connective tissue with large blood and lymph vessels and many lymphoid cells, macrophages, and mast cells

A

submucosa

89
Q

The stomach is covered by a thin ___

A

serosa

90
Q

disorder of the small intestine mucosa that causes malabsorption and can lead to damage or destruction of the villi

A

celiac disease

91
Q

Between the villi are the openings of short tubular glands called ___ (or crypts of Lieberkühn) and the epithelium of each villus is continuous with that of the intervening glands

A

intestinal glands or crypts

92
Q

cell types of the small intestine

A

enterocytes
goblet cells
paneth cells
enteroendocrine cells
M (microfold) cells

93
Q

absorptive cells, are tall columnar cells, each with an oval nucleus located basally

A

enterocytes

94
Q
  • interspersed among the absorptive enterocytes
  • They secrete glycoprotein mucins, which are then hydrated to form mucus, whose main function is to protect and lubricate the lining of the intestine
A

goblet cells

95
Q

granules release lysozyme, phospholipase A2, and hydrophobic peptides called defensins, all of which bind and break down membranes of microorganisms and bacterial cell walls

A

paneth cells

96
Q

unique epithelial cells specialized for transepithelial transport of particles and microorganisms, located mainly in the ileum’s mucosa overlying the lymphoid follicles of Peyer patches

A

M (microfold) cells

97
Q

The mucosa of the large bowel is penetrated throughout its length by tubular ___

A

intestinal glands

98
Q

The columnar absorptive cells or ___ have irregular microvilli and dilated intercellular spaces indicating active fluid absorption

A

colonocytes

99
Q

The muscularis of the colon has longitudinal and circular layers but differs from that of the small intestine, with fibers of the outer layer gathered in three separate longitudinal bands called ___

A

teniae coli

100
Q

adenocarcinoma that develops initially from benign adenomatous polyps in the mucosal epithelium

A

colorectal cancer

101
Q

The distal end of the GI tract is the ___, 3-4 cm long.

A

anal canal

102
Q

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium; cardiac glands at lower end

A

esophagus

103
Q

Small esophageal glands (mainly mucous)

A

esophagus

104
Q

Both layers striated muscle
in upper region; both layers smooth muscle in lower region; smooth and striated muscle fascicles mingled in middle region

A

esophagus

105
Q

Adventitia, except at lower end with serosa

A

esophagus

106
Q

Surface mucous cells and gastric pits leading to gastric glands with parietal and chief cells, (in the fundus and body) or to mucous cardiac glands and pyloric glands

A

stomach

107
Q

Three indistinct layers of smooth muscle (inner oblique, middle circular, and outer longitudinal)

A

stomach

108
Q

No distinguishing features

A

stomach

109
Q

Serosa

A

stomach

110
Q

Plicae circulares; villi, with enterocytes and goblet cells, and crypts/ glands with Paneth cells and stem cells; Peyer patches in ileum

A

small intestine

111
Q

Duodenal (Brunner) glands (entirely mucous); possible extensions of Peyer patches in ileum

A

small intestine

112
Q

Mainly serosa

A

small intestine

113
Q

Intestinal glands with goblet cells and absorptive cells

A

large intestine

114
Q

Outer longitudinal layer separated into three bands, the teniae coli

A

large intestine

115
Q

Mainly serosa, with adventitia at rectum

A

large intestine

116
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium; longitudinal anal columns

A

anal canal

117
Q

Venous sinuses

A

anal canal

118
Q

Inner circular layer thickened as internal sphincter

A

anal canal

119
Q

Adventitia

A

anal canal

120
Q

lined primarily by mucosa with non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, with keratinized stratified squamous epithelium on the hard palate and gingiva

A

oral caity

121
Q

Enamel calcifies as parallel enamel rods in a process guided by the protein ___

A

amelogenin

122
Q

secreted as elongated dentinal tubules from tall odontoblasts, which line the pulp cavity and persist in the fully formed tooth

A

predentin

123
Q

From the esophagus to the rectum, the digestive tract has four major layers

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, adventitia

124
Q

varies regionally along the tract but always consists of a lining epithelium on a lamina propria of loose connective tis- sue and smooth muscle fibers extending from muscularis mucosae layer

A

mucosa

125
Q

The stomach has four major regions

A

cardia, pylorus, fundus, and body

126
Q

The mucosa of the stomach fundus and body is penetrated by numerous ___

A

gastric pits

127
Q

include immature precursors of the surface
mucous cells but produce less alkaline mucus while migrating up into the gastric pits

A

mucous neck cells

128
Q

large cells with many mitochondria and large
intracellular canaliculi for production of HCl in the gastric secretion; they also secrete intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 uptake

A

parietal cells

129
Q

clustered mainly in the lower half of the gastric glands, secrete the protein pepsinogen that is activated by the low pH in the lumen to form the major protease pepsin

A

chief cells (zymogenic)

130
Q

scattered epithelial cells of the diffuse neuroendocrine system, which release peptide hormones to regulate activities of neighboring tissues during food digestion

A

enteroendocrine cells

131
Q

The small intestine has three regions:

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

132
Q

In all regions of small intestine the mucosa has millions of projecting ___, with simple columnar epithelium over cores of lamina propria

A

villi

133
Q

The large intestine has three major regions

A

cecum, colon, rectum

134
Q

the simple columnar epithelium lining the rectum shifts abruptly to stratified squamous epithelium of the skin at the anus.

A

anal canal

135
Q

In which of the following structures of the oral cavity would taste buds be localized in the highest concentration?

A

vallate papillae

136
Q

Certain antibiotic therapies slow the replacement of the cells lining the small intestine. This may cause the loss of what tissue type?

A

simple columnar epithelium

137
Q

The teniae coli of the large intestine represent an organ-specific specialization of which layer of the intestinal tract wall?

A

muscularis mucosa

138
Q

Which of the following would most likely result from a reduction in the number of Paneth cells?

A

Increased number of intestinal bacteria

139
Q

A medical student on a rotation in the pathology laboratory is given an unlabeled microscope slide with tissue provided by a gastroenterologist from a cancer patient she is attending. The mucosa and submucosa are poorly preserved, with only the thick muscularis well-stained, showing striated fibers. The slide most likely shows a biopsy of which region of the GI tract?

A

esophagus

140
Q

Diarrhea may result if which of the following organs fails to carry out its role in absorbing water from the feces?

A

colon

141
Q

Which of the following is true of the absorptive cells of the small intestine?

A

Synthesize triglycerides from absorbed lipids

142
Q

A 52-year-old man is diagnosed with a carcinoid after an appendectomy. The enteroendocrine cells producing this disorder differ from goblet cells in which of the following?

A

The direction of release of secretion

143
Q

A 14-month-old girl is brought to the pediatric dentistry clinic because her erupted deciduous teeth are opalescent with fractured and chipped surfaces. X-rays reveal bulb-shaped crowns, thin roots, and enlarged central cavities. Tissue immediately surrounding one tooth’s central cavity is biopsied and prepared for histology, which reveals irregular, widely spaced tubules. Which of the following applies to this irregular tissue layer?

A

It consists of mineralized collagen secreted by cells derived from the neural crest.

144
Q

A 39-year-old woman presents with dyspnea, fatigue, pallor, tachycardia, anosmia, and diarrhea. Laboratory results are: hematocrit 32% (normal 36.1%-44.3%), MCV 102 fL (normal 78-98 fL), 0.3% reticulocytes (normal 0.5%-2.0%), 95 pg/mL vitamin B12 (normal 200-900 pg/mL), and an abnormal stage I of the Schilling test. Auto- antibodies are detected against a cell type located in one region of the GI tract. In which regions would those cells be found?

A

Body of the stomach

145
Q

have secretory units of either protein-secreting serous cells, usually organized in round or oval acini, or of mucin- secreting mucous cells in elongated tubules

A

salivary glands

146
Q

have only serous acini

A

parotid glands

147
Q

mixed but have primarily mucous tubules, some with serous demilunes

A

sublingual glands

148
Q

also mixed but have mainly serous acini

A

submandibular glands

149
Q

Salivary secretory units are drained by simple cuboidal ___, which merge as simple columnar striated ducts, which merge further as the larger interlobular or excretory ducts

A

intercalated ducts

150
Q

Cells of ___ have mitochondria-lined, basolateral membrane folds specialized for electrolyte reabsorption from the secretion

A

striated ducts

151
Q

unusual in having stratified cuboidal or columnar cells.

A

excretory ducts

152
Q

embedded in exocrine serous acinar tissue, which comprises most of the pancreas and in which the cells secrete hydrolytic digestive enzymes for delivery to the duodenum.

A

pancreatic islets

153
Q

pyramidal, with secretory (zymogen) granules in the narrow apical end and Golgi complexes, much rough ER, and a large nucleus at the basal end

A

acinar cell

154
Q

draining pancreatic acini, including their initial
centroacinar cells that insert into the acinar lumen, secrete bicarbonate ions (HCO −) to neutralize chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach.

A

intercalated ducts

155
Q
  • large epithelial cells with large central nuclei (polyploid and often binucleated), much smooth and rough ER, and many small Golgi complexes
  • including endocrine(plasma protein secretion), exocrine (bile secretion), glucose storage (glycogen granules), and detoxification (using SER and peroxisomes).
A

hepatocytes

156
Q

hepatocytes are organized into irregular plates to form polygonal ___ in which the hepatocyte plates radiate toward a small central vein

A

hepatic lobules

157
Q

Each hepatic lobule is surrounded by sparse connective tissue that is more abundant in the ___ at the corners

A

portal areas

158
Q

Portal areas or tracts contain a small lymphatic and the portal triad

A

portal venule, hepatic arteriole, bile ductule

159
Q

branch from the portal vein

A

portal venule

160
Q

branch of the hepatic artery

A

hepatic arteriole

161
Q

branch of the biliary tree

A

bile ductule

162
Q

In the lobules the portal venule and hepatic arteriole both branch into irregular ___ between the hepatic plates where the nutrient-rich and O2-rich blood mixes, flows past hepatocytes, and drains to the central vein

A

sinusoids

163
Q

discontinuous and fenestrated

A

hepatic sinusoids

164
Q

where exchange occurs between the hepatocytes and blood plasma

A

perisinusoidal space (of Disse)

165
Q

The sinusoidal endothelium includes many specialized ___, which recognize and remove effete erythrocytes, releasing iron and bilirubin for uptake by hepatocytes

A

stellate macrophages or Kupffer cells

166
Q

present in the perisinusoidal spaces are ___ (or Ito cells) containing many small lipid droplets for storage of vitamin A and other fat-soluble vitamins

A

hepatic stellate cells

167
Q

Between adherent hepatocytes in the hepatic plates are grooves called ___, sealed by tight junctions, into which hepatocytes secrete water and bile components, including bilirubin and bile acids.

A

bile canaliculi

168
Q

All bile conducting ducts after the bile canaliculi are lined by simple cuboidal or columnar cells called ___

A

cholangiocytes

169
Q

The common hepatic duct leads to the ___, which carries bile to the gallbladder for temporary bile storage and concentration.

A

cystic duct

170
Q

In a liver biopsy from a long-time drug user which of the following hepatocyte organelles would be expected to be more extensive than normal?

A

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

171
Q

Which description is true of pancreatic zymogens?

A

Are inactive until they reach the duodenal lumen

172
Q

Which process increases in response to parasympathetic stimulation of the salivary glands?

A

Volume of secretion

173
Q

Which feature is unique to the exocrine pancreas?

A

Centroacinar cells

174
Q

Which description is true of the bile canaliculi?

A

Lumens are entirely sealed by junctional complexes

175
Q

Which description is true of the gallbladder?

A

Secretes mucus

176
Q

Which description is true for the hepatic space of Disse?

A

Is directly contacted by hepatocytes

177
Q

A 50-year-old woman presents to the family medicine clinic. She admits to drinking a six-pack of beer each day with a little more intake on weekends. Laboratory tests show elevated alanine amino- transferase/serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (AST/SGOT). Her sclerae appear jaundiced and her serum bilirubin is 2.5 mg/dL (normal 0.3-1.9 mg/dL). A biopsy shows hepatic fibrosis with significant loss of normal lobular structure. Jaundice is most likely to result when the proper location or orientation of what hepatic structures is disrupted?

A

Hepatocytes

178
Q

A 48-year-old woman is referred to an allergy and rheumatology specialist with itching eyes, dryness of the mouth, difficulty swallow- ing, loss of the sense of taste, hoarseness, fatigue, and swollen parotid glands. She reports increasing joint pain over the past 2 years. She complains of frequent mouth sores. Laboratory tests show a positive antinuclear antibody (ANA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) levels of 70 U/mL (normal < 60 U/mL) by the nephelometric method. A parotid gland biopsy shows inflammatory infiltrates in the interlobular connective tissue with damage to the acinar cells and striated ducts. In this case, resorption of which of the following will be most altered by destruction of those ducts?

A

Na+

179
Q

A young child presents with hepatomegaly and renomegaly, failure to thrive, stunted growth, and hypoglycemia. A deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase is identified and the diagnosis of von Gierke disease is made. What cellular structures would be expected to accumulate in hepatocytes during progression of this disorder?

A

Glycogen granules

Histology (7 decks)

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