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Histology > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

composed of lymphatic vessels that trans- port interstitial fluid (as lymph) back to the blood circulation

A

lymphatic system

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2
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow and thymus

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3
Q

where B and T lymphocytes are formed

A

bone marrow and thymus

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4
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, MALT, and spleen

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5
Q

Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, avoid phagocytosis by granulocytes and macrophages of ___ by covering their cell walls with a “capsule” of polysaccharide

A

innate immunity

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6
Q

Growth and differentiation factors for leukocyte progenitor cells in bone marrow

A

GM-CSF, M-CSF

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7
Q

Stimulation of inflammation and fever

A

TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-1

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8
Q

Stimulation of growth in T lymphocytes and NK cells

A

IL-12

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9
Q

Growth factors for T helper cells and B lymphocytes

A

IL-2, IL-4

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10
Q

Eosinophil proliferation, differentiation, and activation

A

IL-5

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11
Q

Activation of macrophages

A

Interferon-γ, IL-4

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12
Q

Inhibition of macrophages and specific adaptive immune responses

A

IL-10

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13
Q

Antiviral activity

A

Interferon-α, interferon-β

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14
Q

Chemokine for neutrophils and T lymphocytes

A

IL-8

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15
Q
  • monomer
  • 75% - 85%
  • fetal circulation in pregnant women
  • Activates phagocytosis, neutralizes antigens
A

IgG

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16
Q
  • pentamer
  • 5%-10%
  • B lymphocyte surface (as a monomer)
  • First antibody produced in initial immune response; activates complement
A

IgM

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17
Q
  • dimer with J chain and secretory component
  • 10%-15%
  • secretions (saliva, milk, tears, etc)
  • Protects mucosae
A

lgA

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18
Q
  • monomer
  • 0.001%
  • Surface of B lymphocytes
  • Antigen receptor triggering initial B cell activation
A

lgD

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19
Q
  • monomer
  • 0.002%
  • Bound to the surface of mast cells and basophils
  • Destroys parasitic worms and participates in allergies
A

lgE

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20
Q

Antibody covers biologically active portion of microbe or toxin.

A

neutralization

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21
Q

Antibody cross-links cells (eg, bacteria), forming a “clump.”

A

agglutination

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22
Q

Antibody cross-links circulating particles (eg, toxins), forming an insoluble antigen-antibody complex

A

precipitation

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23
Q

Fc region of antibody binds complement proteins; complement is activated.

A

complement fixation

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24
Q

Fc region of antibody binds to receptors of phagocytic cells, triggering phagocytosis.

A

opsonization

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25
Q

Fc region of antibody binds to an NK cell, triggering release of cytotoxic chemicals.

A

activation of NK cells

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26
Q
  • 100% T lymphocytes
  • 0% B lumphocytes
A

thymus

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27
Q
  • 10% T lymphocytes
  • 90% B lumphocytes
A

bone marrow

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28
Q
  • 45% T lymphocytes
  • 55% B lumphocytes
A

spleen

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29
Q
  • 60% T lymphocytes
  • 40% B lumphocytes
A

lymph nodes

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30
Q
  • 70% T lymphocytes
  • 30% B lumphocytes
A

blood

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31
Q
  • Tissue grafts and organ transplants are classified as ___ when the donor and the host are the same individual
  • burn patient for whom skin is moved from an undamaged to the damaged body region
A

autografts

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32
Q

involving identical twins

A

isografts

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33
Q

involve two related or unrelated individuals, consist of cells with MHC class I molecules and contain dendritic cells with MHC class II molecules

A

Homografts (or allografts)

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34
Q

inhibit the activation of cytotoxic T cells

A

cyclosporins

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35
Q

CD4 binds with MHC class II molecule of APC; TCR interacts with antigen within MHC class II molecule.

A

first stimulation

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36
Q

Helper T lymphocyte releases IL-2, which stimulates the helper T lymphocyte.

A

seconf stimulation

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37
Q

CD8 binds with MHC class I molecule of various cells; TCR interacts with abnormal antigen within MHC class I molecule.

A

first stimulation

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38
Q

IL-2 released from activated helper T lymphocyte stimulates the cytotoxic
T lymphocyte.

A

second stimulation

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39
Q

Failure of the third (and fourth) pharyngeal pouches to develop normally in the embryo

A

DiGeorge syndrome

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40
Q

Lacking many or all thymic epithelial cells, such individuals cannot produce T lymphocytes properly and have severely depressed cell-mediated immunity

A

thymic hypoplasia

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41
Q

Free antigen binds to BCR; B lymphocyte engulfs, processes, and presents antigen to activated helper
T lymphocyte.

A

first stimulation B lymphocyte

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42
Q

IL-4 released from activated helper T lymphocyte stimulates B lymphocyte.

A

second stimulation B lymphocyte

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43
Q

a bilobed organ located in the superior mediastinum, is most prominent and active before puberty, undergoing gradual shrinkage (involution) and loss of activity in adults.

A

thymus

44
Q
  • survival dependent on ability to bind to MHC molecule
  • occurs in the cortex and allows survival only of T cells with functional TCRs recognizing MHC class I and class II molecules
A

positive selection

45
Q
  • Survival dependent on not recognizing self-antigen
  • occurs in the medulla and allows survival only of T cells that do not tightly bind self-antigens presented on dendritic cells there
A

negative selection

46
Q

located in the posterior lateral walls of the oral cavity

A

palatine tonsils

47
Q

situated along the surface of the posterior third of the tongue

A

lingual tonsils

48
Q
  • single medial mass situated in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
  • covered by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
A

pharyngeal tonsil

49
Q

Hypertrophied regions of pharyngeal tonsils resulting from chronic inflammation are called

A

adenoids

50
Q
  • Inflammation of the tonsils
  • more common in children than adults
A

tonsillitis

51
Q
  • Chronic inflammation of the pharyngeal lymphoid tissue and tonsils of children often produces hyperplasia and enlargement of the tonsils to form
  • obstruct the eustachian tube and lead to middle ear infections
A

adenoids

52
Q

encapsulated structure filled with lymphocytes, a condition

A

lymphadenopathy

53
Q
  • Enlargement of the spleen
  • The splenic capsule is relatively thin, and an enlarged spleen is susceptible to traumatic rupture, a potentially life-threatening occurrence due to loss of blood into the abdominal cavity
A

splenomegaly

54
Q

surgical removal of the spleen

A

splenectomy

55
Q

Thymus: distinctly present
MALT: absent
Lymph Nodes: present
Spleen: absent

A

cortex/medulla

56
Q

Thymus: absent
MALT: present
Lymph Nodes: present (in cortex only)
Spleen: present (in white pulp only)

A

lymphoid nodules

57
Q

Thymus: no afferents; few efferents in septa
MALT: no afferents; efferents present
Lymph Nodes: Afferents at capsule, emptying into subcapsular sinus; efferent at hilum
Spleen: No afferents; efferents in trabeculae

A

lymphatic vessels

58
Q

Hassall (thymic) corpuscles in medulla; epithelial- reticular cells in cortex and medulla

A

thymus

59
Q

crypts lined by surface mucosa in tonsils; epithelial M cells in mucosa over Peyer patches

A

malt

60
Q

Thin paracortical region between cortex and medulla, with high endothelial venules (HEV); medullary cords and sinuses

A

lymph nodes

61
Q

Minor white pulp component, with central arterioles; major red pulp component, with many sinusoids

A

spleen

62
Q

present from birth and involves leukocytes (mainly granulocytes) and proteins such as defensins, complement, lysozyme, and interferons

A

innate immunity

63
Q

develops more slowly and is based on antigen presentation to lymphocytes

A

adaptive immunity

64
Q

Immune cells communicate with one another and regulate one another’s activities via polypeptide hormones called

A

cytokines

65
Q

regions of macro molecules, usually proteins, that are recognized by lymphocytes to elicit a specific immune response
against them

A

antigens

66
Q

immunoglobulins produced by plasma cells after a progenitor B cell is activated by a specific antigen and rearranges its
immunoglobulin genes so that the antibody matches the antigen

A

antibodies

67
Q

surfaces of all nucleated cells bear fragments of their constituent
proteins on ___ molecules

A

MHC class I

68
Q

Lymphocytes originate in the

A

primary lymphoid organs

69
Q

bone marrow for

A

B lymphocytes

70
Q

thymus for

A

T lymphocytes

71
Q

B cells produce antibodies for

A

humoral immunity

72
Q

T cells function in

A

cell-mediated immunity

73
Q

bind antigen along with another surface protein designated by a CD (“cluster of differentiation”) numbering system

A

t cells develop receptors (TCR)

74
Q

CD4+ T helper cells; CD8+ cytotoxic T cells; CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells; and γδ T cells

A

classes of T cells

75
Q

IgM or IgD antibodies on the cell surface that bind specific antigens whenever they contact them

A

b-cell receptors (BCR)

76
Q

B and T cells are often activated, proliferate, and begin to function in the

A

secondary lymphoid organs

77
Q

secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, all MALT, and the spleen

78
Q

a FDC-activated B cell proliferates clonally to produce temporarily a large ___ (or follicle), which develops a pale germinal center

A

lymphoid nodule

79
Q

cells produced there disperse as plasma cells, various T cells, and B and T memory cells that respond and proliferate quickly if their specific antigen reappears

A

lymphoid nodules

80
Q

attach in the thymus to a cytoreticulum composed of interconnected TECs

A

t lymphoblasts or thymocytes

81
Q

producing functional T cells that do not bind to proteins of the host

A

central immune tolerance

82
Q

occurs throughout the body when specific immune reactions are suppressed by regulatory T cells that also originate largely in the thymic medulla

A

peripheral immune tolerance

83
Q

Regulatory T cells form in the thymus upon interacting with dendritic cells presenting self-antigens in a process promoted by cytokines from thymic epithelial cell (TEC) aggregates called ___

A

Hassall corpuscles

84
Q

found in the mucosa of most tracts but is concentrated in the palatine, lingual and pharyngeal tonsils, Peyer patches, and the appendix

A

MALT

85
Q

completely encapsulated and occur along the lymphatic vessels; each has several afferent lymphatics and one efferent lymphatic.

A

lymph nodes

86
Q

A lymph node has three functional but not physically separate compartments

A

cotex, paracortex, medulla

87
Q

Most lymphocytes enter at the ___ of the lymph node via HEVs located there only; most lymphocytes in this region are T helper cells

A

paracortex

88
Q

The medulla has ___ containing reticular fibers with many plasma cells, macrophages, and other leukocytes

A

medullary cords

89
Q
  • large lymphoid organ without a cortex/medulla structure
  • two intermingled but functionally different regions: white pulp and red pulp
A

spleen

90
Q
  • 20% of the spleen
  • secondary lymphoid tissue associated with small central arterioles that are also enclosed by PALS of T cells
A

white pulp

91
Q

filters blood, removes defective erythrocytes, and recycles hemoglobin iron, consists of splenic cords with macro- phages and blood cells of all kinds and splenic sinusoids

A

red pulp

92
Q

lined by unusual endothelial cells called stave cells

A

splenic sinusoids

93
Q

elongated and aligned parallel to the blood flow, with open slits between the cells

A

stave cells

94
Q

Blood flow in red pulp is either a ___, moving from capillaries into the venous sinusoids

A

closed circulation

95
Q

capillaries opening directly into the splenic cords

A

open circulation

96
Q
  • Blood filtration in the open circulation involves interaction with splenic cord ___
  • remove old, swollen RBCs unable to slip between stave cells to reenter the venous blood flow
A

macrophages

97
Q

Which function is carried out by all lymphoid tissues and organs?

A

Production of lymphocytes

98
Q

Which structure is partly encapsulated and covered by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A

Palatine tonsil

99
Q

Which cell type gives rise to both memory and effector cells and is primarily associated with humoral immunity?

A

B lymphocyte

100
Q

Recycling of iron and heme, the major complex containing iron, occurs most actively in which lymphoid organ(s)/tissue(s)?

A

Spleen

101
Q

Which description is true of all secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs?

A

Contain lymphoid nodules

102
Q

Which structure would be most heavily labeled by an immunohistochemical method targeting the CD8 surface antigen?

A

Paracortex

103
Q

A baby is born with a cleft palate and a condition called DiGeorge syndrome, which involves failure of third and fourth pharyngeal pouch derivatives to develop properly. The palate defect is corrected surgically, but regarding the pharyngeal pouch defect the parents are advised that the growing child may expect which of the following health problems?

A

Conditions related to autoimmunity

104
Q

Many immune-related cellular activities are often impaired in aged patients. Which lymphoid organ(s) normally develop less functionality and increasing amounts of adipose tissue with age?

A

thymus

105
Q

A 12-year-old girl of African descent presents with anemia and a large percentage of her peripheral erythrocytes appear sickle-shaped. Genetic testing reveals homozygosity for sickle cell disease. In which of the following sites will the abnormal RBCs be removed from the circulation?

A

Splenic cords (of Billroth)

106
Q

A 6-year-old boy is brought to the clinic where his mother reports that he was bitten by a neighbor’s dog two days earlier. The child’s right hand is lacerated between the thumb and index finger and this area is inflamed but healing. The doctor’s examination reveals small but pain- less swellings beneath the skin inside the right elbow and arm pit and he explains to the mother that these are active lymph nodes enlarged in response to the infection in the hand. What has produced the swelling?

A

Formation of germinal centers for B-cell proliferation in each
node’s cortex

Histology (7 decks)

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