Respiratory Flashcards
what is the name of the protein within red blood cells, that carries oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body
Haemoglobin
in terms of the respiratory system, ventilation is the process of
moving air between the environment and via inhalation and exhalation
respiratory system conducts ___, ____, ____air into close proximity with blood for ___ ____
warm, moist, clean , for gas exchange
If someone increase the rate and depth of breathing it is
Hyperventilation
Extra = HypEr
if someone decrease (shallow) the rate and depth of breathing
hypoventilation
(lOW) = (hypO = (shallOw)
Tidal volume
air moves in and out normal ventilation
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
extra 3L can be inspired if external intecoastal muscle and accessory muscle for MAX inspiration
In IRV what muscles help this max Inspiration
External inter-coastal and accessory muscles
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
extra 1.5L if INTERNAL inter-coastal and accessory muscle contracted for max expiration
What muscle are involved in ERV
INTERNAL interncoastal + diaphragm
accessory muscles (during force expiration
what is residual volume
left over inflation even after max expiration
What makes up vital capacity
Expiratory reserve volume +tidal volum + inspiratory reserve volume
total lung capacity (TLC) - made up of
Vital capacity + residual volume
what is Inspiratory capacity (IC) made up of
tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
functional residual capacity (FRC) made up of
residual volume + Expiratory reserve volume
what is the function of the nasal cavity
clean, warm, humidify
does food and air both pass through the oral cavity
yes
does food and air both pass through the pharynx
Yes
what is the function of the laynx
vocal box, epiglottis prevents food entering trachea
what is the trachea function
rigid tube that is a pathway for air
what is the function for Bronchioles
deliver air to alveoli ducts
what is the function of Alveoli ducts
deliver air to alveoli
in the lower respiratory tract where are carbon dioxide and oxygen exchanged
alveoli
_____ has a bigger gradient than ______
oxygen has a bigger gradient than carbon dioxide
_____ is more soluble than _____
carbon dioxide it more soluble than oxygen
Partial pressure of gases:
Alveolar pressure is _____ than atmospheric oxygen
LOWER
why is alveoli pressure lower than atmospheric oxygen
some of the oxygen entering the alveoli leaves by entering the pulmonary capillaries
Partial pressure of gases:
Alveolar carbon dioxide is _____ than atmospheric air
HIGHER
T/F
during inspiration the alveolar pressure is greater than the atmospheric pressure for air to move into the lungs
False
where does gas exchange take place
alveoli
pulmonary capillaries are surrounded by
alveoli
surfactant is the effect of
surface tension,
secretion via alveoli cells to reduce surface tension
what nerve is the diagram innervated from
phrenic nerve
Boyle law
- Pressure and volume relationship
pressure and volume have an inverse related relationship = if pressure increases, volume will decrease
when the alveolar pressure is ___ than the atmospheric pressure air will flow in to the lungs meaning this is ____
alveolar pressure is less than the atmospheric pressure during inspiration
aLveoLar = Less = InspItation
during Inspiration the volume is Increase by
contracting creates dome shape
what muscels are involved w/ inspiration
external intercostal (accessory muscle help with forced inspiration
diagram
expiration is a passive because
lungs have elastic elements becasue it cuase elastic recoil inwards
what muscles are involved with inspiration
diagram and intercostal muscle relax
(asscessory muscles help with intercoatal muscles for forced expiration)
interpleural pressure is alway
negative
t/f
is alveoli partial pressure lower than atmospheric oxygen pressure
True
t/f is avelolar CO2 pressure higher than atmopheric air
true
out of carbon dioxide and oxygen what diffuses 20x faster than the other and why
CO2 diffuses faster because CO2 has higher solubility
Alveolar fibrosis involves thocking and scarying of the _____ membrane
alveolar membrane
what is the main factor that that gas transfer depends on
pressure difference
which has a larger gradient O2 or CO2
Oxygen
what are the 2 forms of transport oxygen is carried in
- bound to haemglobin in red blood cells
- disovles in plasma
Increase oxygen capacity will mean (blood doping, normal, or anemina)
Blood doping
e.g. lance armstrong increased use of drugs therefore increase oxygen leads to blood doping
when O@ binds to heamglobin what is this called and what process is this
oxygenation
reversablie process
explain why the cooperative effective is like a party
as one comes in more will follow as one leaves the rest will follow
what shape is the Hb-O2 dissociation curve
sigmoid shape
% of saturated venous blood is higher or lower than % arterial blood
lower
venous = 75%
arterial = 98%
Bohr effect describes Hb affinity (love) for O2 revering wot what about the curve
left or right shift
what are the 3 forms of CO2 transport
- dissovled in plasma - 20x more soluble than O2
- combined w/ Hb (23%)
- as bicarbonate HCO3 (78%)
Alkalosis is compersenated for by
Hypoventalating
alkaLosis - hypo - LOw
acidosis is compersated for by
Hyperventilating
alkolosis Increase pH to normal because of
decrease H+ ions
aciDosis Decrease below normal pH range because
increase H+ ions
