Renal Flashcards
- Apical membrane faces what
lumen
- Basolateral membrane faces what
outside i.e interstitial space
- Para-cellular pathway is between or through cells
between
- Trans-cellular pathway
through
T/F pareacellular pathway transporter proteins required
False - they are not
for a substance to cross epithelal cells what 2 things are required
o Permeability
o Driving force
T/F the renal corpuscle is mad up of three parts glomerus, proximal tuble, and distal tubule
false
T/F secondary active transport uses movement of one substance down its electrochemical gradient to move another substance up its electrochemical gradient
True
what is the defination of reabsorption
movement of substances from the inside of nephron back up the blood stream
in the proximal tubules where sodium goes …. (what follows)
- which is helped by Aquaporins (trans-cellular)
water follows through amino acid
Where sodium goes ___ follows down electrical gradient (paracellular pathway)
chloride
what type of reabsorption is proximal tubule
Bulk reabsorption
what type of epithelium do proximal tubule have
leaky
what type of reabsorption is distal tubule and what is it controlled by
Fine tuning reabsorption, hormones
what type of epithelium does distale tubule have
tight
When H+ ion concentration increases pH decreases T/F
true
diarrhoea causes loss of HCO3- which will decreases the pH of the body
T/F
true
how do buffers work
Minimising changes in pH, when the concentration of H+ ions changes
what is an acid, e.g.
- releases H+
- hydrochloric acid
what is a base, e.g.
accepts H+ from an acid
if an acid increases this means what is being released into the blood
H+
acid increase - pH lower or higher
lower - (low number)
base increase - pH higher or lower
higher
if base increase what happens to H+
binds more H+ to remove it from the blood
what is a pH
measure H+ ions in solution
- acidic or basic
what is the plasma (ECF) pH range
7.34-7.45
alkalosis means what to the blood
not enough acids -pH is more than 7.45
how is blood acidity increased
- bi product of cell metabolism
- decrease ventilation
How can you increase acidity through losing base
diarrhoea
how is blood acidity decreases by
- vomiting
- medications and diuretics
- hyperventilation
what happens if pH goes outside range 7.35-7.45
proteins don’t work properly e.g. can die
what are the two ways of managing pH range
buffering and removing acid
what are the 3 systems that work together to control pH of body
- buffering
- respiratory
- renal
The para-cellular route of solute transport
Mechanism of transport Between epithelial cells
ADH is an important regulator of
Renal water reabsorption
Bicarbonate is important because it
Acts as a physiological pH buffer
In the nephron the proximal part of the tubule site of what
Site of bulk reabsorption
increase in ____ means that their will be more sodium absorbed in the distal tubule which leads to an _____ in blood pressure
Aldosterone, increase
what is the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption
proximal tubule
Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is released by which gland of the endocrine
Posterior pituitary
what is filtration
substances like glucose and water move through the blood in to the glomerulus “sieve” and into the nephron tubule
what is secretion
removal of the waste products from the blood in the nephron tubule and end up in the urine
what two things makes things move
driving force (energy, gradient)
permeability (through/between or channel)
what does the glomerular filtration rate indicate
how well kidneys function
what are aquaporins
water channels
T/F aquaporins has to move through cells ( transcellular)
true
how much does the proximal tubule need to reabsorb of water and ions and all of the nutrients that are filtered back into the blood stream
90-99%
proximal nephrone reabsorbs how much water, sodium and nutrients
90% water, 90% Na, 100% nutrients
what type of gradient does sodium have
strong electrochemical gradient - moving down (high to low - high sodium outside of cell, low inside)
T/ F ADH is a slow hormonal regulation
false - fast = because blood osmolarity is an emergency of goes out of range
T/F aldosterone is a fast response
false - slow = less urgent
if you are overhydration with means that
hypo-osmotic
- ECF has less solutes than ICF
- cell swells
- decrease blood osmolarity
- water moves into cells
if you are dehydrated this means
hyperosmotic
- ECF has more solutes than ICF
- increase blood osmolarity
- water moves out of cells
- cells shrinks
what does hyponatremia mean
under sodium - overhydrated
if you have low ADH you are dehydrated (T/F)
false - well hydrated
what hormone is released if you are dehydrated
ADH
how does the body correct loss of body volume (water and salt)
renin
aldosterone
what is pH of ECF normal ranges
7.35 -7.45
how is blood acidity increased
gaining acid
- Bi product of cell metabolism
- decrease ventilation
losing base
- diarrhoea
how is blood acidity decreased
losing scid
- vomiting
- medication
- hyperventialtion
T/F a buffer is a substance that minimises changes in blood pH when H+ concentration is altered
true
how a buffer works
T/F when H+ concentration increases in blood HCO splits from H+ molecules
to increase change in blood pH
false
HCO bonds to H+
to minimses change
how do the lungs remove acid - metabolic acidosis
carbonic acid breaks down to become CO2 and H2) - CO2 can then be exhaled out at the lungs
- reduced acid load back to normal correcting metabolic acidosis
how do the kidneys remove acid - metabolic acidosis
carbonic acid breaks down to become H+ and HCO3-
- H+ is secreted into kidney tubules to be excreted out in urine
- HCO3 reabsorbed back into blood
lungs keep acid by reducting ventialtion (breath hold) to cause the build up of ( during alkalosis correction)
carbon dioxide
