Immunology Flashcards
What is the difference between Cytokines and chemokines
cyTokines = pleioTropic = mulTiple jobs = acTivaTes other cells
where as chemokines don’t and there is no T
____ mainly reside in the tissues and ____ mainly circulate in blood
Macrophages, neutrophils
what contributes to an inflammatory response
Brain, muscle, liver
Neutrophil levels increase in the blood after exercise due to increased:
Blood flow
Obesity can be considered an inflammatory disease because
There are more inflammatory molecules in obese people compared to healthy people
T/F
Cell recognise both PAMP and DAMPS via pattern recognition receptors
TRUE
The cells most responsible for resolving inflammation are
Macrophages
both acute inflammation (infection) and systemic inflammation (obesity): The disease process is mediated by______
cytokines
The role of chemokines in inflammation is to
Recruit immune cells to the site of infection
What is the effect of inflammation:
• Swelling
• Redness
• Heat pain
what are the three different types of inflammation responses to infections
- acute
- chronic
- systemic
what is an acute response
Fast, occurs w/ injury, resolves (heals)
what is a chronic response
long term, disease process/injury, unresolved
what is a systemic response
long term, Low level, unresolves
how do you get immune response
if cell is able to detect self and dangerous infection
Where to macrophages grow
in bone marrow
macrophages live in the blood as ___
monocytes
what is the function of macrophages
Phagocytose(take out) and destroy)
macrophages are able to ____ and ___ other immune cell
activate and recurit
Neutrophils grow in
the bone marrow
Neutrophils are able to rapidly …
produce in bone marrow after infection or injury
Neutrophils are cells that engulf…
• Cells that engulf all the bacteria
T/F macrophages have receptors to detect
true
what are the two main roles of neutrophil fighting pathogen
• Phagocytosis (eating them)
• Degranulation (release toxic chemicals)
what organs are effected by the inflammation
• Liver
• Muscle
• Brain
• Bone marrow
cell number will ____ after exercise
increase
How long after exercise will the frequency of neutophilia reamin high
2-3 hours
what are the 4 ways the changes of immune cells occur following exercise
- more blood
- more cells made
- more cells released
- effects of hormones
what is demmargination
mobilisation of parked neutrophils from blood vessels walls
what hormones are released during exercise
catecholamines (adrenaline) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)
what does the hormone of glucocorticoids (cortisol) increase
neutrophil production in bone marrow = early phase, neutrophilia
what are the 3 function of circulating neutrophil
• Increased killing ability (degranulation = release of toxins)
• Increased tissue migration potential
• Increased ability to respond to catecholamines and glucocorticoids (exercise chemicals)
After ___ exercise more neutrophils are able to phagocytose
acute
T/F
• After acute exercise, more neutrophils are able to phagocytose
But they are less good at it than infection
true
after chronic exercise phagocytosis activity ______
decreases
what are the environmental effects on the immune response (4)
- temp
- altitude
- pollution
- gravity
a systemic inflammation is triggered by
metabolic
systemic inflammation is moderated to __ grade
low
maintenance of systemic inflammation occurs with (3)
- stressed or dying cells
- Nutrient composition alters gut microbiota
- Bigger adipocytes make more inflammatory cytokines
immediate response to inflammation with liver
production of acute phase protein
immediate response to inflammation with bone marrow
mobilise neutrophils
immediate response to inflammation with brain
increase body temp
immediate response to inflammation with muscle
protein and energy mobilisation
what is released to attract circulating immune cells
chemokines
how does neutrophil neutralise a pathogen
degranulation and phagocytosis
what effect if any does training have on the immune system
decreases immune system
the frequency of neutrophils in the blood increases after exercise due to
an increase in neutrophil production in bone marrow
what type of inflammation is obesity
systemic
what hormone increases neutrophil production in the bone marrow
cortisol
what is the order for neutrophil entry into tissue
moving - rolling - attaching - squeezing though
what is degranulation
release of toxic chemicals from a cell
what is degranulation
release of toxic chemicals from a cell
what is neutrophillia
increased frequency of neutrophils in the blood
systemic inflammation is characterised by
high secretion of cytokines
what is the order for acute inflammation
pattern recognition > cytokine and chemokine production > recruitment of cells and phagocytosis > resolution of inflammation
