Respiratory Flashcards
1
Q
what are the three components of the blood air barrier
A
alveoli cell, fused basement membrane, capillary endothelium
2
Q
what is surfactant and where is it secreted from
A
secreted from the alveoli cells to reduce surface tension (stops lungs collapsing)
3
Q
what is the pathway of air down the respiratory tract
A
nasal and oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli ducts, alveoli
4
Q
what is Boyles law
A
as volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa
5
Q
what is Patm
A
atmospheric pressure, outside the lungs
6
Q
what is Palv
A
pressure within the alveoli
7
Q
what is Pip
A
intrapleural pressure (within the pleural cavity), negative pressure
8
Q
inspiration is active or passive
A
active
9
Q
pressure in the lungs needs to be __ than pressure in the atmosphere for air to move in
A
lower
10
Q
what intercostal muscles are involved in inspiration
A
external
11
Q
internal intercostals are used for
A
forced expiration
12
Q
what are the inspiration accessory muscles
A
sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor
13
Q
expiration is active or passive
A
passive
14
Q
pressure in the lungs needs to be __ than the atmospheric pressure for air to flow out
A
higher
15
Q
the chest tends to __ outwards
A
recoil
16
Q
the lungs have elastic elements so tend to __ inwards
A
recoil
17
Q
intrapleural pressure is always
A
negative, like a suction pressure
18
Q
Vt
A
tidal volume, volume of air moves in and out during normal quiet ventilation
19
Q
I
A
inspiratory
20
Q
E
A
expiratory
21
Q
R
A
reserve/residual
22
Q
F
A
functional
23
Q
C
A
capacity
24
Q
Ve
A
minute ventilation
25
Va
alveolar ventilation
26
Vd
dead space
27
f
frequency
28
P
partial pressure
29
PA
alveolar pressure
30
Pa
arterial pressure
31
Pv
venous pressure
32
IRV
inspiratory reserve volume, extra volume that can be inspired in a forced inspiration
33
ERV
expiratory reserve volume, extra volume that can be expired in a forced expiration
34
RV
residual volume, inflation after a forced expiration, to keep lungs from collapsing
35
VC
vital capacity, maximal breath in to maximal breath out
36
TLC
total lung capacity, amount of air if you breath all the way in
37
IC
inspiratory capacity, total amount able to be drawn into lungs after normal expiration
38
FRC
functional residual capacity, volume in lungs at end of tidal expiration (represents equilibrium as to change volume from here need to do work)
39
how to calculate VC
ERV + Vt + IRV
40
how to calculate TLC (total lung capacity)
VC + RV
41
how to calculate IC
Vt + IRV
42
how to calculate FRC
RV + ERV
43
equation for Ve
Vt x f
44
how many breaths does the average person take per minute
12
45
how much volume is dead space
150ml
46
hyperventilation is
fast, deep breathing
47
hypoventilation is
slow, shallow breathing
48
equation for Va
f x (Vt-Vd)
49
the partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to
its concentration or fractional content
50
in a mixture of gases, the total pressure exerted is the sum
of the partial pressures
51
daltons law is to do with
partial pressure
52
the sum of the partial pressures is called
Patm
53
how to calculate partial pressure of any gas
fractional content x total pressure
54
is the PO2 higher in the alveoli or the atmosphere and why
atmosphere as in the alveoli some exchanges out so there is less of it
55
is PCO2 higher in the alveoli or the atmosphere and why
in the alveoli as some has been diffused from the body into the alveoli
56
what is Ficks law
F = D x A x (P1 - P2) / T
57
what is F in Ficks law
rate of diffusion
58
what is A in ricks law
surface area
59
what is D in Ficks law
diffusion constant
60
what does the diffusion constant depend on
gas solubility and its molecular weight
61
CO2 diffuses __x faster that O2 due to __
20, higher solubility in CO2, even though it has a smaller partial pressure gradient
62
what is emphysema
decrease in surface area of the lungs leading to decreased PO2 in blood
63
what is T in Ficks law
thickness
64
what is pulmonary fibrosis
thickening of alveolar membranes, leading to decreased PO2 in blood
65
everything above the line in Ficks law is __ proportional to flux
directly, so if they go up, so will flux
66
everything below the line in Ficks law is __ proportional to flux
indirectly, so if they go up, flux will go down
67
what is the main factor in flux
partial pressure difference as this drives diffusion of gases from alveolar to arterial
68
Ficks law of diffusion is related to
flux, diffusion, surface area, partial pressure and thickness
69
PO2 is __ in muscles than in blood
lower, there is a gradient for O2 to move in
70
PCO2 is __ in muscles than in the blood
higher, so there is a gradient to move out of the muscles, this increases during exercise
71
PO2 is __ in the blood than in the alveoli
lower
72
PCO2 is __ in the blood than in the alveoli
higher
73
does O2 or CO2 have a larger pressure gradient
O2, however CO2 diffuses 20x faster due to higher solubility
74
what are the two forms that O2 is transported
combined with haemoglobin and dissolved in plasma
75
what are the three forms that CO2 is transported
dissolved in the plasma, as bicarbonate, combined with haemoglobin
76
98% of O2 is transported
bound to haemoglobin
77
1 Hb molecule can carry __ molecules of O2
4
78
2% of O2 is transported
dissolved within plasma (around 3mL in each L of blood)
79
1 Hb molecule has __ haem groups
4
80
each molecule of O2 that binds to Hb __ another molecule of O2 binding
facilitates
81
what is the co-operative effect
one O2 molecule binding to Hb making it easier for the next to bind which makes it even easier for the next etc
82
what is O2 binding to Hb called
oxygenation
83
is oxygenation reversible
yes, so that O2 can be offloaded to muscles, as one leaves it makes it easier for the next etc
84
Hb being fully saturated is represented by the percentage
98%, the other 2% is dissolved in plasma
85
the Hb-O2 saturation of Venous blood is
75%, as one O2 molecule has been offloaded at rest, venous saturation will be lower during exercise as there is more demand for O2 so more is offloaded
86
the Hb-O2 saturation of arterial blood is
98%, as it has just been oxygenated
87
the amount of O2 bound to Hb is determined by
the PO2 in the blood
88
Hb has a high __ for O2 at full saturation, this decreases as O2 is offloaded
affinity
89
What is the Bohr effect
describes Hb's affinity for oxygen
90
what happens in the Bohr effect
a left or right shift in the oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve which is caused by an increase/decrease in CO2, H+ ions (pH) and temperature
91
according to the Bohr effect, a left shift occurs in the __ and facilities more ___ of oxygen (increased __) caused by __ levels of CO2, H+ and __ temperature
lungs, loading, loading, lower, low
92
according to the Bohr effect, a right shift occurs in the __ and facilities more ___ of oxygen (increased __) caused by __ levels of CO2, H+ and __ temperature
tissues, release, unloading, higher, high
93
how much of CO2 is transported in dissolved plasma
7%
94
how much of CO2 is transported combined with haemoglobin
23%
95
how much of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate
70%
96
when CO2 is bound to Hb (globin chains) Hb has a much __ affinity for O2
lower
97
is CO2 binding to Hb subunits (globin chains) reversible or irreversible
reversible, so it can be offloaded at gas exchange
98
conversion from CO2 to HCO3- happens in
red blood cells with enzyme assistance
99
once CO2 has been converted to HCO3- it can then
move into the plasma and CO2 now travels around the body as HCO3- in the plasma
100
Remember to learn Spirometry tracing
so you can label the diagram
101
alveolar ventilation is decreased by
hypoventilation
102
alveolar ventilation is increased by
hyperventilation
103
what is PO2 when Hb-O2 saturation is at 75%
40mmHg
104
what is PO2 when Hb-O2 saturation is at 98%
100mmHg
105
what is Patm of O2
160mmHg
106
what is Palv of O2
100mmHg
107
what is the Fair of O2
0.21
108
what is Patm of CO2
0.2mmHg
109
what is Palv
40mmHg
110
what is the Fair of CO2
0.0004
