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PHSL101 > Respiratory > Flashcards

Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three components of the blood air barrier

A

alveoli cell, fused basement membrane, capillary endothelium

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2
Q

what is surfactant and where is it secreted from

A

secreted from the alveoli cells to reduce surface tension (stops lungs collapsing)

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3
Q

what is the pathway of air down the respiratory tract

A

nasal and oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli ducts, alveoli

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4
Q

what is Boyles law

A

as volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa

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5
Q

what is Patm

A

atmospheric pressure, outside the lungs

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6
Q

what is Palv

A

pressure within the alveoli

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7
Q

what is Pip

A

intrapleural pressure (within the pleural cavity), negative pressure

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8
Q

inspiration is active or passive

A

active

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9
Q

pressure in the lungs needs to be __ than pressure in the atmosphere for air to move in

A

lower

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10
Q

what intercostal muscles are involved in inspiration

A

external

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11
Q

internal intercostals are used for

A

forced expiration

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12
Q

what are the inspiration accessory muscles

A

sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor

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13
Q

expiration is active or passive

A

passive

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14
Q

pressure in the lungs needs to be __ than the atmospheric pressure for air to flow out

A

higher

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15
Q

the chest tends to __ outwards

A

recoil

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16
Q

the lungs have elastic elements so tend to __ inwards

A

recoil

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17
Q

intrapleural pressure is always

A

negative, like a suction pressure

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18
Q

Vt

A

tidal volume, volume of air moves in and out during normal quiet ventilation

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19
Q

I

A

inspiratory

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20
Q

E

A

expiratory

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21
Q

R

A

reserve/residual

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22
Q

F

A

functional

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23
Q

C

A

capacity

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24
Q

Ve

A

minute ventilation

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25
Q

Va

A

alveolar ventilation

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26
Q

Vd

A

dead space

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27
Q

f

A

frequency

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28
Q

P

A

partial pressure

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29
Q

PA

A

alveolar pressure

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30
Q

Pa

A

arterial pressure

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31
Q

Pv

A

venous pressure

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32
Q

IRV

A

inspiratory reserve volume, extra volume that can be inspired in a forced inspiration

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33
Q

ERV

A

expiratory reserve volume, extra volume that can be expired in a forced expiration

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34
Q

RV

A

residual volume, inflation after a forced expiration, to keep lungs from collapsing

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35
Q

VC

A

vital capacity, maximal breath in to maximal breath out

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36
Q

TLC

A

total lung capacity, amount of air if you breath all the way in

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37
Q

IC

A

inspiratory capacity, total amount able to be drawn into lungs after normal expiration

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38
Q

FRC

A

functional residual capacity, volume in lungs at end of tidal expiration (represents equilibrium as to change volume from here need to do work)

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39
Q

how to calculate VC

A

ERV + Vt + IRV

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40
Q

how to calculate TLC (total lung capacity)

A

VC + RV

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41
Q

how to calculate IC

A

Vt + IRV

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42
Q

how to calculate FRC

A

RV + ERV

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43
Q

equation for Ve

A

Vt x f

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44
Q

how many breaths does the average person take per minute

A

12

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45
Q

how much volume is dead space

A

150ml

46
Q

hyperventilation is

A

fast, deep breathing

47
Q

hypoventilation is

A

slow, shallow breathing

48
Q

equation for Va

A

f x (Vt-Vd)

49
Q

the partial pressure of a gas is directly proportional to

A

its concentration or fractional content

50
Q

in a mixture of gases, the total pressure exerted is the sum

A

of the partial pressures

51
Q

daltons law is to do with

A

partial pressure

52
Q

the sum of the partial pressures is called

A

Patm

53
Q

how to calculate partial pressure of any gas

A

fractional content x total pressure

54
Q

is the PO2 higher in the alveoli or the atmosphere and why

A

atmosphere as in the alveoli some exchanges out so there is less of it

55
Q

is PCO2 higher in the alveoli or the atmosphere and why

A

in the alveoli as some has been diffused from the body into the alveoli

56
Q

what is Ficks law

A

F = D x A x (P1 - P2) / T

57
Q

what is F in Ficks law

A

rate of diffusion

58
Q

what is A in ricks law

A

surface area

59
Q

what is D in Ficks law

A

diffusion constant

60
Q

what does the diffusion constant depend on

A

gas solubility and its molecular weight

61
Q

CO2 diffuses __x faster that O2 due to __

A

20, higher solubility in CO2, even though it has a smaller partial pressure gradient

62
Q

what is emphysema

A

decrease in surface area of the lungs leading to decreased PO2 in blood

63
Q

what is T in Ficks law

A

thickness

64
Q

what is pulmonary fibrosis

A

thickening of alveolar membranes, leading to decreased PO2 in blood

65
Q

everything above the line in Ficks law is __ proportional to flux

A

directly, so if they go up, so will flux

66
Q

everything below the line in Ficks law is __ proportional to flux

A

indirectly, so if they go up, flux will go down

67
Q

what is the main factor in flux

A

partial pressure difference as this drives diffusion of gases from alveolar to arterial

68
Q

Ficks law of diffusion is related to

A

flux, diffusion, surface area, partial pressure and thickness

69
Q

PO2 is __ in muscles than in blood

A

lower, there is a gradient for O2 to move in

70
Q

PCO2 is __ in muscles than in the blood

A

higher, so there is a gradient to move out of the muscles, this increases during exercise

71
Q

PO2 is __ in the blood than in the alveoli

A

lower

72
Q

PCO2 is __ in the blood than in the alveoli

A

higher

73
Q

does O2 or CO2 have a larger pressure gradient

A

O2, however CO2 diffuses 20x faster due to higher solubility

74
Q

what are the two forms that O2 is transported

A

combined with haemoglobin and dissolved in plasma

75
Q

what are the three forms that CO2 is transported

A

dissolved in the plasma, as bicarbonate, combined with haemoglobin

76
Q

98% of O2 is transported

A

bound to haemoglobin

77
Q

1 Hb molecule can carry __ molecules of O2

A

4

78
Q

2% of O2 is transported

A

dissolved within plasma (around 3mL in each L of blood)

79
Q

1 Hb molecule has __ haem groups

A

4

80
Q

each molecule of O2 that binds to Hb __ another molecule of O2 binding

A

facilitates

81
Q

what is the co-operative effect

A

one O2 molecule binding to Hb making it easier for the next to bind which makes it even easier for the next etc

82
Q

what is O2 binding to Hb called

A

oxygenation

83
Q

is oxygenation reversible

A

yes, so that O2 can be offloaded to muscles, as one leaves it makes it easier for the next etc

84
Q

Hb being fully saturated is represented by the percentage

A

98%, the other 2% is dissolved in plasma

85
Q

the Hb-O2 saturation of Venous blood is

A

75%, as one O2 molecule has been offloaded at rest, venous saturation will be lower during exercise as there is more demand for O2 so more is offloaded

86
Q

the Hb-O2 saturation of arterial blood is

A

98%, as it has just been oxygenated

87
Q

the amount of O2 bound to Hb is determined by

A

the PO2 in the blood

88
Q

Hb has a high __ for O2 at full saturation, this decreases as O2 is offloaded

A

affinity

89
Q

What is the Bohr effect

A

describes Hb’s affinity for oxygen

90
Q

what happens in the Bohr effect

A

a left or right shift in the oxy-haemoglobin dissociation curve which is caused by an increase/decrease in CO2, H+ ions (pH) and temperature

91
Q

according to the Bohr effect, a left shift occurs in the __ and facilities more ___ of oxygen (increased __) caused by __ levels of CO2, H+ and __ temperature

A

lungs, loading, loading, lower, low

92
Q

according to the Bohr effect, a right shift occurs in the __ and facilities more ___ of oxygen (increased __) caused by __ levels of CO2, H+ and __ temperature

A

tissues, release, unloading, higher, high

93
Q

how much of CO2 is transported in dissolved plasma

A

7%

94
Q

how much of CO2 is transported combined with haemoglobin

A

23%

95
Q

how much of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate

A

70%

96
Q

when CO2 is bound to Hb (globin chains) Hb has a much __ affinity for O2

A

lower

97
Q

is CO2 binding to Hb subunits (globin chains) reversible or irreversible

A

reversible, so it can be offloaded at gas exchange

98
Q

conversion from CO2 to HCO3- happens in

A

red blood cells with enzyme assistance

99
Q

once CO2 has been converted to HCO3- it can then

A

move into the plasma and CO2 now travels around the body as HCO3- in the plasma

100
Q

Remember to learn Spirometry tracing

A

so you can label the diagram

101
Q

alveolar ventilation is decreased by

A

hypoventilation

102
Q

alveolar ventilation is increased by

A

hyperventilation

103
Q

what is PO2 when Hb-O2 saturation is at 75%

A

40mmHg

104
Q

what is PO2 when Hb-O2 saturation is at 98%

A

100mmHg

105
Q

what is Patm of O2

A

160mmHg

106
Q

what is Palv of O2

A

100mmHg

107
Q

what is the Fair of O2

A

0.21

108
Q

what is Patm of CO2

A

0.2mmHg

109
Q

what is Palv

A

40mmHg

110
Q

what is the Fair of CO2

A

0.0004

PHSL101 (10 decks)

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