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Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

when do males go through puberty

A

9-19

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2
Q

when do females go through puberty

A

8-19

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3
Q

how many primary oocytes are females born with

A

1 million

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4
Q

do all oocytes develop from primary to tertiary

A

no, all develop to secondary, only one to tertiary when it is released

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5
Q

what happens in the follicular phase and how long does it last

A

day 0-14, tertiary oocyte develops into a follicle

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6
Q

what happens on day 14 of the cycle

A

ovulation

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7
Q

what happens in the luteal phase and how long does it last

A

corpus luteum develops and matures, corpus albicans forms if not fertilisation, 14-28 days

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8
Q

what hormone does the hypothalamus release for the female system

A

GnRH

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9
Q

what hormones do the anterior pituitary produce in the female system

A

FSH, LH, these effect the ovaries

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10
Q

what does FSH stimulate in the female system

A

the development of the follicle

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11
Q

what does LH stimulate in the female system

A

the corpus luteum to form, mature and release progesterone, inhibin and oestrogen (mainly progesterone)

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12
Q

what happens to GnRH around day 14

A

frequency of pulsatile release highly increases

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13
Q

what does an increase GnRH level cause

A

spike in LH and increase in FSH

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14
Q

what does a spike in LH trigger

A

ovulation

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15
Q

what does FSH stimulate in females

A

granulose cells to produce estrogen

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16
Q

what cells do LH stimulate in females and what is the effect

A

theca cells to produce progesterone

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17
Q

progesterone stays high until __ doesn’t occur, and then drops

A

fertilisation

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18
Q

in the first half of the cycle, what negative feedback systems are working

A

estrogen and inhibin feed back to inhibit release of FSH and oestrogen feeds back to inhibit the release of LH

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19
Q

what positive feedback systems are working to inhibit in the second half of the cycle

A

oestrogen feeds back to inhibit FSH release, inhibin feeds back to inhibit release of LH, progesterone feeds back to inhibit release of GnRH

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20
Q

what systems stimulate release of LH in the second half of the ovulation cycle

A

high oestrogen stimulates the release of LH, this causes the peak in LH just before ovulation

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21
Q

what kind of feedback exists in the first half of the cycle

A

negative

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22
Q

what kind of feedback exists in the second half of the cycle

A

positive

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23
Q

what occurs in the menstrual phase

A

bleeding

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24
Q

what occurs in the proliferative and secretory phase

A

building up of the uterine wall ready for implantation of a fertilised oocyte

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25
when does the proliferative phase start
day 7
26
what are the two cycles called
ovarian and menstrual cycle
27
what does low progesterone due to lack of fertilisation cause
menstruation
28
what system does birth control use to stop oocytes being released
negative feedback, oestrogen and progesterone feed back to tell the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary not to release GnRH or FSH so an oocyte is not released
29
what is amenorrhea
absence of first period by 15 yrs, absence of menstruation for more than 3 months
30
what is oligomenorrhoea
9 or less periods in 12 months
31
what is exercise induced amenorrhea and oligomenorrhoea common in
endurance training, middle and long distance training, triathletes, ballet dancers, gymnasts
32
what is exercise induced amenorrhea and oligomenorrhoea caused by in the body
no LH surge (GnRH pulses lost), no estrogens or progesterones, failure of the hypothalamus-anterior pituitary-gonad axis, decreased body weight
33
how much exercise can cause exercise induced amenorrhea and oligomenorrhoea
16km run 5 days per week & 3.5 hrs per day playing tennis/cycling/volleyball etc
34
what are the causes of exercise induced amenorrhea and oligomenorrhoea
insufficient calorie intake, low body fat mass (fat cells produce estrogens), psychological and physical stress of exercise (cortisol release inhibits GnRH
35
what is in the female triad
calorie deficit, low bone density, menstrual dysfunction
36
when does menopause occur
when a woman has gone through 12 consecutive months without a period
37
estrogen __ in menopause
decreases
38
what is the progression to make sperm
spermatogonium, spermatocytes, spermatids, sperm
39
what cells do LH effect
leydig cells
40
what does LH stimulate in males
release of testosterone from leydig cells
41
what does FSH stimulate in males
support of spermatogenesis
42
what cells do FSH have an effect on in males
sertoli cells (nurse cells)
43
in males, there is a pulse of GnRH every __ mins
30, this is constant unlike females
44
what stops the release of FSH in males
inhibin negatively feeding back to the anterior pituitary
45
what stops the release of GnRH in males
testosterone negatively feeding back to the hypothalamus
46
what do sertoli cells control
seminiferous local environment
47
what effect does FSH have on Sertoli cells to control the seminiferous local environment
creates growth factors , also creates androgen binding protein which concentrates testosterone in seminiferous tubules, high local testosterone supports spermatogenesis
48
what hormones are needed for sperm production
FSH and testosterone
49
__ cells use __ to move non-functional sperm in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules in the testes to the epididymis for maturation
myoid, peristalsis
50
how long does sperm maturation take
2-4 weeks
51
where are sperm produced
in the seminiferous tubules of the testes
52
what does seminal fluid do
makes sperm mobile, provide nutrients (fructose) for sperm mobility, neutralise acidic environment of urethra and vagina
53
what does the prostatic fluid do
neutralise acidic environment, antibiotic
54
what does bulbs-urethral glands make
mucus to neutralise acidic environment, lubrication of penis tip
55
what is the ejaculatory volume
2.5mL with 20-100 million spermatozoa/mL
56
do genital arteries dilate or constrict during arousal
dilate
57
is arousal parasympathetic or sympathetic nerve activity
parasympathetic
58
is orgasm parasympathetic ror sympathetic nerve activity
sympathetic
59
what is the ejaculatory pathway in males and the sperm pathway in the females
epidermis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, uterine tube
60
how effective are the barrier contraceptive method, condoms
85-98%, also protect against STIs
61
what is the difference in hormone decline during old age in males and females
testosterone decline in males is gradual, oestrogen decline in females is dramatic
62
what is the sex hormone production path
cholesterol-testosterone-estrogen
63
where is testosterone produced in females
adrenal glands, ovaries, fat cells
64
where are estrogens produced in males
testes, adrenal gland, fat cells
65
estrogens important in __ density
bone
66
low oestrogen in females and low testosterone in males results in __ loss
bone, as testosterone is converted to estrogens, low estrogens = bone loss
67
less bone mass is called
osteoporosis
68
puberty causes increase in
height
69
testosterone increases length of __ finger during foetal development
ring, it has more receptors to recognise testosterone
70
testosterone in the womb alters __ length
bone
71
how do hormones change body composition in males
more testosterone leads to increased lean muscle mass, has a direct effect on muscle increase GH-IGF-1 axis (can stimulate liver to make more IGF-1 which causes muscle growth)
72
how do hormones change body composition in females
increase fat mass
73
what effect does testosterone have on RBCs
increases them for better O2 transport
74
what is atherosclerosis
fatty deposits in arteries putting them at risk for blockage as it reduces radius
75
which hormone protects against atherosclerosis
estrogen, it makes it be deposited on thigh, hips and bum
76
what advantages does testosterone have in sport
increased strength, speed and endurance due to increased O2 capacity
77
what percentage advantage does testosterone provide in speed
10%
78
what percentage advantage does testosterone provide in strength
25-30%
79
what percentage advantage does testosterone provide in endurance
10-12%
80
what is the prevalence of PCOS in the normal and athlete female population
3-10%, 30%
81
what is PCOS associated with an increase in
androgen levels
82
what effect does PCOS have on oocyte maturation
oocyte never reaches tertiary development stage so no ovulation occurs
83
why is PCOS likely higher represented in athletes
as it is caused by higher testosterone levels which are also likely to make you good at sport
84
what are anabolic androgenic steroids
most widely used doping in sport, looks very similar to testosterone so can binds to its receptors
85
what is the risk of legal sports supplements
they may contain illegal substances such as AAS without it being listed on ingredients
86
what are some side effects of AAS abuse
reproductive problems, liver problems (high cholesterol, fatty liver), CVS problems (hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart attacks), muscle and skeletal problems (increased muscle tears/damage), skin problems (acne, oily skin, male pattern baldness), kidney disease, psychiatric problems (aggression, depression)
87
what are the reproductive issues caused by AAS abuse
changes in or cessation of menstrual cycle, infertility, shrinking of testicles, azoospermia (absence of sperm in semen)
88
why does increased testosterone due to AAS abuse make males infertile
it negatively feeds back to inhibit release of GnRH from hypothalamus, if use is prolonged hypothalamus forgets its job so even if AAS use is ceased there is not enough hormones to make testosterone and infertility occurs
89
why does increased testosterone due to AAS abuse make females infertile
it negatively feeds back to inhibit GnRH release from hypothalamus, decreased LH and FSH, LH surge doesn't happen so ovulation doesn't happen and she is infertile
90
what are theca cells
on the outside of the tertiary oocytes

PHSL101 (10 decks)

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