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PHSL101 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

how many valve cusps in the left AV valve

A

2

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2
Q

how many valve cusps in the right AV valve

A

3

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3
Q

what are the AV valves connected to

A

papillary muscles by the chordae tendinea

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4
Q

what does the SA node do

A

produces action potentials to generate the heartbeat (pacemaker region)

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5
Q

what is the conduction pathway of the heart

A

SA node, internodal pathways, AV node, AV bundle, moderator band, purkinje fibres

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6
Q

start of cardiac cycle (describe any pressure changes, valve positions and ECG)

A

SA node spontaneously depolarises to generate an action potential, all chambers are relaxed, pressure in atria is higher than ventricle so blood flows into ventricles, AV valves are open, pressure in the artery is higher than in the ventricle so semilunar valves are closed, no activity on ECG

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7
Q

step one of cardiac cycle (describe any pressure changes, valve positions and ECG)

A

atria are depolarised by SA node spontaneously depolarising, P-wave, pressure in atria slightly increases and they contract to ACTIVELY fill ventricles more, AV valves open, semilunar valves closed

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8
Q

step 2 of cardiac cycle - isovolumetric contraction (describe any pressure changes, valve positions and ECG)

A

action potential spreads to AV bundle and ventricles, ventricles depolarise and start to contract, QRS complex, pressure in ventricles higher than atria, AV and semilunar valves close, pressure builds in ventricles with no volume change

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9
Q

step 3 of cardiac cycle - ventricular ejection, systole (describe any pressure changes, valve positions and ECG)

A

ventricles still depolarised and continue to contract, ventricular pressure higher than in arteries, AV valves closed, semilunar valves open, ventricles eject blood into arteries

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10
Q

step 4 of cardiac cycle -isovolumetric relaxatio - diastole (describe any pressure changes, valve positions and ECG)

A

ventricles repolarise and relax, T-wave, pressure in ventricles decrease as blood is ejected to lower than arteries, AV and semilunar valves close, pressure drops in ventricles with no pressure change

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11
Q

at start of cardiac cycle all chambers are __

A

relaxed

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12
Q

what is the amount of blood pumped in one contraction called

A

stroke volume

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13
Q

step 5 of the cardiac cycle - diastole (describe any pressure changes, valve positions and ECG)

A

all chambers are repolarised and relax, pressure in ventricles drops below pressure in atria, AV valves open, semilunar valves are closed, ventricles start to PASSIVELY fill with blood

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14
Q

what creates heart sounds

A

the snapping shut of valve cusps creating turbulent blood flow

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15
Q

when does the first heart sound Lub happen and what does this look like on ECG

A

closing of the AV valves as the ventricles contract (following the QRS complex)

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16
Q

when does the second heart sound dub happen and what does this look like on ECG

A

when the semilunar valves close and ventricles depolarise and relax (following the T-wave)

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17
Q

what is healthy heart rate at rest

A

60-100

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18
Q

what is healthy stroke volume

A

70 ml

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19
Q

what is the equation for cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume

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20
Q

what is healthy cardiac output

A

5 L/min

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21
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped in a minute

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22
Q

flow is determined by

A

pressure gradient and resistance

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23
Q

higher pressure = ___ blood flow

A

higher

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24
Q

blood pressure is determined by

A

the pressure generated by the left ventricle during contraction

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25
bigger radius of blood vessels = ___ resistance and ___ blood flow
lower and higher, however different vessels have different radii and therefore different flow rates
26
longer length of blood vessel = __ blood flow
less
27
higher fluid viscosity = __ flow
less
28
flow is proportional to
pressure gradient and blood vessel radius
29
flow is inversely proportional to
resistance, blood vessel length and fluid viscosity
30
what is smooth flow through vessels called
laminar flow
31
turbulent flow __ resistance and___ flow
increases and reduces
32
arteries are __ reservoirs
pressure
33
veins are __ reservoirs
volume
34
arteries have __ walls and __ diameters
thick and large
35
are arteries high or low resistance
low
36
arteries are a combination of
elastic tissue and smooth muscle layers
37
elastic arteries reduce __ flow
pulsatile
38
where are elastic arteries found
immediately attached to the heart
39
what are arterioles made of
smooth muscle and endothelium
40
what are arterioles responsible for
determining relative blood flow to individual organs
41
arterioles are the main factor for determining
mean arterial blood pressure
42
what is the equation for pulse pressure
systolic pressure - diastolic pressure
43
what is a normal pulse pressure
120/80-90
44
what is the equation for MABP
DP + 1/3 x PP
45
what is total peripheral resistance
the combined resistance to blood flow of all the systemic blood vessels (excludes pulmonary vessels)
46
what is TPR determined by
vascular resistance, fluid viscosity and turbulence
47
the most common mechanism to alter blood flow is to change the
radius of the vessel
48
to cause vasodilation, adrenaline acts on
beta receptors in vessels
49
to cause vasoconstriction, adrenaline acts on
alpha receptors in vessels
50
what nerves in the sympathetic system innervate arterioles and what chemical is released
vasomotor nerves, noradrenaline
51
what is hyperaemia
increased blood in vessels, vasodilation
52
what is hyperaemia in response to
increase in metabolic activity e.g. exercise
53
what is myogenic autoregulation
if arterial blood pressure is changed, blood vessels respond to keep flow constant
54
what are the three types of capillaries, from least to most leaky
continuous, fenestrated, sinusoidal
55
capillaries have __ cross sectional area
large
56
capillaries have __ velocity of blood flow
low
57
capillaries have three functions, what are they
filtration, diffusion, osmosis
58
transport across capillaries can happen in which three ways
across endothelial membrane (directly or in channels), through pores of fenestrated capillaries, by vesicle transport
59
filtration in the capillaries is determined by
capillary hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure
60
CPH is highest at the
start of the capillary bed
61
what is CHP
blood pressure within the capillaries (capillary hydrostatic pressure, pushing things out)
62
CHP __ fluid __ the bloodstream
pushes out
63
BCOP __ fluid __ the bloodstream
pulls into
64
BCOP increase when
water leaves the blood but solutes left behind
65
what is NFP
net filtration pressure, difference between CHP and BCOP
66
when NFP is positive __ occurs
filtration
67
when NFP is negative __ occurs
reabsorption
68
when CHP = BCOP __ occurs
no net movement, still movement in and out but this is equal
69
diffusion in capillaries are determined by
concentration gradient, solubility, size
70
what molecules can diffuse through capillaries
lipid soluble, small non-lipid soluble (pass through pores), large non-lipid soluble (with vesicles)
71
when CHP is less than BCOP, the net filtration pressure is __ and __ occurs
negative, reabsorption
72
veins have __ walls than arteries and __ smooth muscle than arteries
thinner, less
73
veins are __ compliance vessels
high
74
elastic arteries are __ compliance vessels
high
75
veins are highly distensible meaning
they can change their volume easily
76
stopping bleeding involves which three steps
vascular, platelet and coagulation phase
77
what happens in the vascular phase of stopping bleeding
vascular spasm, vessel constricts to reduce blood flow
78
what happens in the platelet phase of stopping bleeding
platelets adhere to site of injury, then aggregate and clump
79
what happens in the coagulation phase of stopping bleeding
fibrous blood clot is formed
80
what do platelets do
clump together and stick to damaged blood vessel walls, release chemicals to trigger blood clotting
81
what do white blood cells do
defend against pathogens and toxins
82
what do red blood cells do
carry oxygen bound to haemoglobin
83
where does the sympathetic pathway originate
in the cardioacceleratory centre
84
where does the parasympathetic pathway originate
in the cardioinhibitory centre
85
nerves innervate these parts of the heart
SA node, ventricular myocardium (mostly sympathetic), atrial myocardium
86
what does noradrenaline do when it binds to b-adrenergic receptors at the SA node
reduces the resting repolarisation of the cells making cells reach threshold faster = more action potentials and heart rate increases
87
what does noradrenaline do when it binds to b-adrenergic receptors at the ventricular and atrial myocardium, in the context of contraction and relaxation
b-adrenergic receptor activation increase amount of force created in contractions, chambers contract stronger and faster, speeds up calcium cycling so they both relax faster. stroke volume increases
88
what does release of ACh do to the heart
potassium channels open
89
what does K+ channel activation due to ACh do at the SA node
hyperpolarises the nodal cells making them reach threshold slower = fewer action potentials and heart rate decreases
90
what does K+ channel activation due to ACh do at the atrial myocardium
atria contract less, less filing of ventricles, stroke volume decreases
91
minimal ___ innervation to the ventricles
parasympathetic
92
most blood vessels don't have __ input
parasympathetic
93
what is a change in blood pressure detected by
arterial pressure receptors
94
what is postural hypotension
low blood pressure due to change in posture (lying down to standing up). when lying down gravity has a minimal effect on pressure as all blood vessels are at a similar height compared to the heart
95
if you stand suddenly after lying down
lower Venous return due to blood pooling in legs, lower stroke volume, reduced cardiac output, blood pressure drops (hypotension)
96
what happens to sympathetic and parasympathetic systems during postural hypotension
increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic
97
what do responses of nervous systems to postural hypotension result in
increased heart rate, vasoconstriction, cardiac output to restore blood pressure
98
to meet the increased metabolic demand during exercise, what must increase
cardiac output
99
what increases heart rate and cardiac output during exercise
Increased sympathetic activity to the SA node,
100
what increases stroke volume during exercise
increased sympathetic activity to the ventricle
101
the cardiac cycle becomes __ during exercise due to
shorter, diastole shortening as the heart relaxes faster, diastole and systole become equal
102
increased venous return during exercise __ increases stroke volume through increased ventricular filling and __ through the frank-starling mechanism (increased force of ventricular contraction)
directly, indirectly
103
what is the formula for cardiac output
heart rate x stroke volume
104
increased CO2 causes
vasodilation
105
decreased CO2 causes
vasoconstriction
106
is blood flow increased or decreased to the skin with sympathetic activity
increased
107
during exercise, is TPR increased or decreased
decreased
108
during exercise, does MABP increase or decrease
decrease

PHSL101 (10 decks)

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