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Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

why do we need hormones

A

homeostasis, metabolism, growth and development, body defences (immunity and stress response), reproduction, sleep

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2
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers

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3
Q

what are hormones made of

A

amino acids or cholesterol

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4
Q

what are the three ways hormones can travel

A

travel in blood, dissolved in plasma, bound to a carrier protein

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5
Q

hormones have what type of receptors

A

specific

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6
Q

what happens after a hormone has served its purpose

A

it is removed, broken down and recycled or excreted in sweat or urine

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7
Q

what are some ways hormones can be monitored

A

non-invasive skin patch to detect hormones in sweat, urine testing in sport

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8
Q

what are the two main chemical classifications of hormones

A

water-soluble and lipid-soluble

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9
Q

what are molecular forms of water-soluble hormones

A

some amines, peptides and proteins

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10
Q

what are molecular forms of lipid-soluble hormones

A

some amines, steroids

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11
Q

how are water-soluble hormones transported in the blood

A

dissolved

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12
Q

how are lipid-soluble hormones transported in the blood

A

bound to carrier proteins

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13
Q

where are water-soluble hormones’ receptors found

A

in the cell membrane

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14
Q

where are lipid-soluble hormone receptors found

A

intracellular

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15
Q

protein in diet makes what type of hormones

A

water-soluble

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16
Q

cholesterol in diet makes what type of hormones

A

lipid-soluble

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17
Q

what is the action mechanism of water-soluble hormones

A

activates 2nd messenger which amplifies hormone response, binding of this triggers other existing messengers like dominoes of events, switch proteins on and off that were already present

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18
Q

what is the action mechanism of lipid-soluble hormones

A

alteration of gene transcription (to make new proteins)

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19
Q

which type of hormones are good for fast, acute responses

A

water-soluble

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20
Q

which type of hormones are good for slow, long-lasting responses

A

lipid-soluble

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21
Q

what is the neural link to the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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22
Q

where are the cell bodies of neurons involved in the endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

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23
Q

where are the axons of neurons involved in the endocrine system

A

posterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

where are hormones made

A

in the hypothalamus

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25
where are hormones stored
axon terminals in posterior pituitary
26
what causes hormone release from posterior pituitary
action potentials
27
what is the connection from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
axon connection
28
what is the connection from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
blood vessel connection
29
releasing/inhibitory hormones are made in the __ and travel in the __ to affect anterior pituitary cells to release or inhibit release of anterior pituitary hormones
hypothalamus, blood
30
what are the growth hormones and where are they released from
GHRH from hypothalamus, growth hormone from anterior pituitary, IGF-1 from liver
31
where are growth hormones target cells
liver, skeletal muscle and adipose
32
what stimulates the release of the growth hormone axis
sleep and exercise
33
what connection does growth hormone axis use
blood vessel connection to anterior pituitary
34
the hypothalamus produce what hormones from the growth axis
GHRH (releasing), GHIH (inhibiting)
35
what are the effects of growth hormone
breakdown of fats/carbs to increase blood energy sources (fatty acids and glucose) fuel for cells to grow and divide, causes liver cells to release IGF-1
36
what is the effect of IGF-1
promotes growth of tissues, takes in glucose for energy to grow
37
how is IGF-1 like insulin
stimulates receptors to cause cells to intake glucose
38
what are the three ways in which growth hormone axis is stopped
GHIH in the hypothalamus, GH release negatively feeding back to hypothalamus, IGF-1 release negatively feeding back to anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
39
where are IGF-1 target cells
all body cells
40
what is TRH
thyrotropin releasing hormone
41
what is TSH
thyroid stimulating hormone
42
where is TSH released from
anterior pituitary
43
what stimulates the release of TRH from the hypothalamus
exercise, cold stress
44
which cells do thyroid hormone affect
most body cells
45
what effect does thyroid hormone have and how does it have these effects
increase metabolic rate, increase growth and development because it helps cells make ATP and build proteins faster, helps cells repair, grow and divide
46
how is thyroid hormone release stopped
negative feedback of thyroid hormone and TSH, remove the stimulus of cold or exercise
47
what are three ways the body deals with stress
makes fuel available for cells to use, ensures blood pressure is high enough, maintains ECF osmolarity
48
what is CRH
corticotropin releasing hormone
49
what is ACTH
adrenocorticotropin hormone
50
where are the adrenal glands
sitting on top of the kidneys
51
what stimulates the corticotropin axis
day/night rhythm, stress
52
are cortisol levels higher at day or night
day
53
what are the target cells for cortisol
muscle, fat, liver cells
54
what are the effects of cortisol
protein breakdown and glucose uptake in muscles, fat breakdown and glucose uptake in fat cells, glucose synthesis in liver cells, helps maintain normal blood pressure, increases immunity
55
how to stop cortisol release
remove the stress stimulus (can't remove the day/night one), negative feedback of cortisol and ACTH
56
what pathway does the ADH hormone use
hypothalamus, posterior pituitary
57
what stimulates ADH release
dehydration (high ECF osmolarity, osmoreceptor stimulation in hypothalamus), stress
58
what are the target cells of ADH
kidneys, blood vessels, hypothalamus
59
what are the effects of ADH in the kidneys
stimulate reabsorption of water, increases blood volume, increases blood pressure
60
what are the effects of ADH in the hypothalamus
affects CRH and ACTH, increased cortisol release, increases blood pressure
61
what are the effects of ADH in the blood vessels
vasoconstriction, increases blood pressure
62
what is the risk of prolonged increased cortisol levels
high blood pressure leads to issues
63
what stops ADH release
remove the stimulus by increasing hydration and reducing stress, ECF osmolarity returns to normal which feeds back to osmoreceptors
64
is noradrenaline a hormone or a neurotransmitter
both
65
what stimulates adrenaline release
stress and exercise
66
where is adrenaline released from
hypothalamic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system stimulate the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline
67
when adrenaline is released a small amount of __ is also released
noradrenaline
68
where in the adrenal gland is cortisol released from
the cortex
69
where in the adrenal gland is adrenaline released from
the medulla
70
what are the target cells of adrenaline
lungs and airways, heart, blood vessels, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose
71
what are the effects of adrenaline
increased rate of breathing and airway dilation, increased heart rate and strength of contraction, increased blood pressure (vasoconstriction), increased glycogen breakdown and glucose synthesis in the liver, increased glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle, increased fatty acid mobilisation in adipose
72
how is the release of adrenaline stopped
remove the stress, stop exercising, be calm and relax
73
is cortisol a long or short term response and what type of hormones are involved
long term, slow response that lasts hours to days, lipid-soluble
74
is adrenaline a long or short term response and what type of hormones are involved
short term, fast response that lasts seconds to minutes, water-soluble
75
what three hormone axes are involved in the stress response
CRH-ACTH-cortisol, adrenaline, ADH
76
what are catecholamines
adrenaline and noradrenaline
77
what are adrenergic receptors
receptors that are stimulated by catecholamines
78
what are the two receptors the adrenaline can bind to
alpha and beta, there are different responses when it binds to each
79
what is an example of something with both alpha and beta receptors that have different responses
blood vessels, vasoconstriction and vasodilation
80
what do adrenergic agonists do
mimic adrenaline, chemicals that stimulate or increase function of adrenergic receptors
81
what do adrenergic antagonists do
block or inhibit function of adrenergic receptors
82
what are called symapthomimetics
adrenergic agonists
83
what is an example of an adrenergic agonist
pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, acts on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, decongestant, amphetamine (stimulant), banned in sports
84
what is an example of an adrenergic antagonist
propanolol, blocks beta adrenergic receptors, treats abnormal heart rhythm or high blood pressure, athletes use to calm nerves, banned in sports, competes with adrenaline to bind to receptors
85
what is normal blood glucose range
4-6mmol/L
86
glucagon is released from __ cells
alpha
87
insulin is released from __ cells
beta
88
what are the target cells for glucagon
liver
89
what are the target cells for insulin
liver, skeletal muscle, adipose
90
hormones are chemical signals that travel in the __ to all parts of the body
bloodstream
91
what is the connection between the hormonal and neural communication
hypothalamus

PHSL101 (10 decks)

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