Immunology

Question 1

what are some characteristics of inflammation

Answer 1

swelling, redness, heat, pain

Question 2

what are the three types of immune cells

Answer 2

macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes

Question 3

what are the two immune molecules made by macrophages

Answer 3

cytokines, chemokines

Question 4

what do cytokines do

Answer 4

proteins that bind to receptors on other cells to activate their responses

Question 5

what do chemokines do

Answer 5

proteins that recruit cells into a site of inflammation

Question 6

what do macrophages do

Answer 6

reside in tissue and can detect self vs non-self, dangerous vs non-dangerous, phagocytose pathogens and activate and recruit other immune cells

Question 7

where do macrophages grow

Answer 7

in the bone marrow

Question 8

where are monocytes found

Answer 8

circulating in blood

Question 9

when do monocytes mature into macrophages

Answer 9

as they move into tissue

Question 10

macrophages produce

Answer 10

chemokines and cytokines

Question 11

how do macrophages detect self vs non-self

Answer 11

pattern recognition receptors (PRR) detect pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) on pathogens

Question 12

cytokines are soluble, what does this allow them to do

Answer 12

travel throughout the body, they bind to other cells to activate them to do their job

Question 13

macrophages recruit circulating __ via production of

Answer 13

neutrophils, chemokines (proteins that attract cells)

Question 14

cytokines are __ meaning they can have more than one main job

Answer 14

pleiotropic

Question 15

__ induce generation of more cytokines but __ do not induce more chemokines

Answer 15

cytokines, chemokines

Question 16

these are rapidly produced in bone marrow after infection or injury

Answer 16

neutrophils

Question 17

these are recruited by chemokines out of the blood to the site of an infection when needed

Answer 17

neutrophils

Question 18

describe the movements of the neutrophils as they are recruited

Answer 18

moving in the blood, rolling when they detect a chemokine (as they bump onto the wall), attaching to the wall of the blood vessel, squeezing through

Question 19

how does a neutrophil fight a pathogen

Answer 19

phagocytosis, degranulation (release toxic chemicals)

Question 20

macrophages also have __ __ abilities

Answer 20

wound healing

Question 21

what are the 4 steps of acute inflammation

Answer 21

pattern recognition + danger signal, cytokine and chemokine production, recruitment of cells + phagocytosis, resolution of inflammation

Question 22

what are the 4 main organs involved in an immune response

Answer 22

liver, muscle, brain, bone marrow

Question 23

what are the three non-immune molecules

Answer 23

hormones, angiogenic molecules, acute phase proteins

Question 24

cells activated during an immune response travel through the blood making cytokines and chemokines which

Answer 24

recruits cells and activates cells in other organs to help fight the infection

Question 25

__ stop at different infected spots along the blood flow as they detect chemokines

Answer 25

neutrophils

Question 26

what effect do cytokines have when they activate the liver

Answer 26

makes them produce acute phase proteins

Question 27

what do acute phase proteins do

Answer 27

help neutrophils to begetter at phagocytosis

Question 28

what effect do cytokines have when they activate the bone marrow

Answer 28

make more neutrophils to increase phagocytosis

Question 29

what effect do cytokines have when they activate the brain

Answer 29

increase body temperature leading to decreased viral and bacterial replication

Question 30

what effect do cytokines have when they activate the muscle

Answer 30

mobilise proteins and energy to increase body temperature leading to decreased viral and bacterial replication

Question 31

what is the need for inflammation in response to infection

Answer 31

so you can get rid of pathogens and heal

Question 32

macrophages make __ and __ to bring in __ and __ them

Answer 32

cytokines, chemokines, neutrophils, activate

Question 33

__ and __ can phagocytose

Answer 33

nuetrophils and macrophages

Question 34

exercise results in this effect of neutrophil frequency

Answer 34

increase in frequency and this is prolonged after exercise

Question 35

which hormone released in exercise sends a signal to increase frequency of neutrophils

Answer 35

cortisol

Question 36

what is demmargination which occurs during exercise

Answer 36

neutrophils that have stopped along the way of blood flow (margination) get swept along due to increased blood flow which increases frequency

Question 37

how does exercise change function of neutrophils

Answer 37

increased degranulation ability, increased tissue migration potential, increased ability to respond to catecholamines (adrenaline) and glucocorticoids (cortisol) which increase neutrophil production

Question 38

what is the drawback to exercise causing more neutrophils to be able to phagocytose

Answer 38

per cell they are less good at it than in infection, after chronic exercise, phagocytosis decreases

Question 39

endurance athletes have increased or decreased neutrophils

Answer 39

decreased and lower function (immune depression)

Question 40

at rest, do athletes have more or less immune cells than normal people

Answer 40

the same

Question 41

over training (UPS - under performance syndrome) results in

Answer 41

immune depression

Question 42

what effect does heat in exercise have on immune system

Answer 42

if athletes core temp over 39 they have increased circulating cell frequency and increased cell function

Question 43

what effect does cold in exercise have on immune system

Answer 43

surpassed immune system

Question 44

what effect does altitude in exercise have on immune system

Answer 44

limited effect, they have more red blood cells, not white

Question 45

what effect does pollution in exercise have on immune system

Answer 45

inconclusive, pollution does negatively affect everyone, however this has nothing to do with exercise

Question 46

why do neutrophils increase during exercise

Answer 46

cortisol is released which sends a signal to the bone marrow to increase neutrophil production

Question 47

when does neutrophilia peak in exercise

Answer 47

2-3 hours after exercise

Question 48

when do circulating immune cells increase during exercise

Answer 48

immediately

Question 49

obesity and type 2 diabetes can be considered __ diseases

Answer 49

inflammatory

Question 50

neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate into __

Answer 50

fat

Question 51

inflammatory cells accumulate in

Answer 51

obesity, cytokines are secreted in high amounts

Question 52

inflammation leads to

Answer 52

tissue degeneration and organ dysfunction

Question 53

what are inflammatory mediators in metabolic organs of people

Answer 53

adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, brain, muscle

Question 54

how is systemic inflammation different to acute inflammation

Answer 54

inflammatory trigger is metabolic (caused by excess nutrition, not injury or pathogen), mediated by metabolic cells (adipocytes) not immune cells initially but they come later, moderate to low grade but self sustaining because due to low grade you don't get the danger signals that shut down the immune response at the end of infection

Question 55

what causes the ignition of metabolic syndrome (obesity and diabetes) and inflammation

Answer 55

nutrients are inflammatory (food isn't self, generates an immune response that is usually inhibited in healthy people), feeding couples nutrients with inflammatory molecules (e.g. through increased permeability to intestine), nutrients engage PRR pathways (can activate adipocytes and epithelial cells to recognise food and eating mechanics as pathogens or damage)

Question 56

which molecules have PRR, DAMP and PAMP

Answer 56

macrophages

Question 57

what other cells also have PRR and can respond to pathogens and damage

Answer 57

epithelial cells and adipocytes

Question 58

cells recognise damage from obesity effects and induce

Answer 58

inflammation

Question 59

cells recognise excess nutrition as a __ and induce inflammation

Answer 59

pathogen

Question 60

how do macrophages detect self vs non-self

Answer 60

PRR and PAMP

Question 61

how do macrophages detect damage

Answer 61

PRR and DAMP

Question 62

how is systemic inflammation maintained

Answer 62

stressed or dying cells (recruited and don't get the signal to shut down), nutrient composition alters gut microbiota (starts to make more fatty acids which activate PRR), bigger adipocytes make more inflammatory cytokines

Question 63

exercise increase ___ diversity in obese people

Answer 63

microbial

Question 64

what is the best way for long term weight loss

Answer 64

bariatric surgery, more than 15 years

Question 65

obesity correlates with increase in

Answer 65

type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, airway disease neurodegeneration, cancer

Question 66

in obesity __ are secreted in high amounts

Answer 66

cytokines

Question 67

what is some evidence for obesity being an inflammatory disease

Answer 67

inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue or obese but not of lean mice