Immunology Flashcards
what are some characteristics of inflammation
swelling, redness, heat, pain
what are the three types of immune cells
macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes
what are the two immune molecules made by macrophages
cytokines, chemokines
what do cytokines do
proteins that bind to receptors on other cells to activate their responses
what do chemokines do
proteins that recruit cells into a site of inflammation
what do macrophages do
reside in tissue and can detect self vs non-self, dangerous vs non-dangerous, phagocytose pathogens and activate and recruit other immune cells
where do macrophages grow
in the bone marrow
where are monocytes found
circulating in blood
when do monocytes mature into macrophages
as they move into tissue
macrophages produce
chemokines and cytokines
how do macrophages detect self vs non-self
pattern recognition receptors (PRR) detect pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) on pathogens
cytokines are soluble, what does this allow them to do
travel throughout the body, they bind to other cells to activate them to do their job
macrophages recruit circulating __ via production of
neutrophils, chemokines (proteins that attract cells)
cytokines are __ meaning they can have more than one main job
pleiotropic
__ induce generation of more cytokines but __ do not induce more chemokines
cytokines, chemokines
these are rapidly produced in bone marrow after infection or injury
neutrophils
these are recruited by chemokines out of the blood to the site of an infection when needed
neutrophils
describe the movements of the neutrophils as they are recruited
moving in the blood, rolling when they detect a chemokine (as they bump onto the wall), attaching to the wall of the blood vessel, squeezing through
how does a neutrophil fight a pathogen
phagocytosis, degranulation (release toxic chemicals)
macrophages also have __ __ abilities
wound healing
what are the 4 steps of acute inflammation
pattern recognition + danger signal, cytokine and chemokine production, recruitment of cells + phagocytosis, resolution of inflammation
what are the 4 main organs involved in an immune response
liver, muscle, brain, bone marrow
what are the three non-immune molecules
hormones, angiogenic molecules, acute phase proteins
cells activated during an immune response travel through the blood making cytokines and chemokines which
recruits cells and activates cells in other organs to help fight the infection
__ stop at different infected spots along the blood flow as they detect chemokines
neutrophils
what effect do cytokines have when they activate the liver
makes them produce acute phase proteins
what do acute phase proteins do
help neutrophils to begetter at phagocytosis
what effect do cytokines have when they activate the bone marrow
make more neutrophils to increase phagocytosis
what effect do cytokines have when they activate the brain
increase body temperature leading to decreased viral and bacterial replication
what effect do cytokines have when they activate the muscle
mobilise proteins and energy to increase body temperature leading to decreased viral and bacterial replication
what is the need for inflammation in response to infection
so you can get rid of pathogens and heal
macrophages make __ and __ to bring in __ and __ them
cytokines, chemokines, neutrophils, activate
__ and __ can phagocytose
nuetrophils and macrophages
exercise results in this effect of neutrophil frequency
increase in frequency and this is prolonged after exercise
which hormone released in exercise sends a signal to increase frequency of neutrophils
cortisol
what is demmargination which occurs during exercise
neutrophils that have stopped along the way of blood flow (margination) get swept along due to increased blood flow which increases frequency
how does exercise change function of neutrophils
increased degranulation ability, increased tissue migration potential, increased ability to respond to catecholamines (adrenaline) and glucocorticoids (cortisol) which increase neutrophil production
what is the drawback to exercise causing more neutrophils to be able to phagocytose
per cell they are less good at it than in infection, after chronic exercise, phagocytosis decreases
endurance athletes have increased or decreased neutrophils
decreased and lower function (immune depression)
at rest, do athletes have more or less immune cells than normal people
the same
over training (UPS - under performance syndrome) results in
immune depression
what effect does heat in exercise have on immune system
if athletes core temp over 39 they have increased circulating cell frequency and increased cell function
what effect does cold in exercise have on immune system
surpassed immune system
what effect does altitude in exercise have on immune system
limited effect, they have more red blood cells, not white
what effect does pollution in exercise have on immune system
inconclusive, pollution does negatively affect everyone, however this has nothing to do with exercise
why do neutrophils increase during exercise
cortisol is released which sends a signal to the bone marrow to increase neutrophil production
when does neutrophilia peak in exercise
2-3 hours after exercise
when do circulating immune cells increase during exercise
immediately
obesity and type 2 diabetes can be considered __ diseases
inflammatory
neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate into __
fat
inflammatory cells accumulate in
obesity, cytokines are secreted in high amounts
inflammation leads to
tissue degeneration and organ dysfunction
what are inflammatory mediators in metabolic organs of people
adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, brain, muscle
how is systemic inflammation different to acute inflammation
inflammatory trigger is metabolic (caused by excess nutrition, not injury or pathogen), mediated by metabolic cells (adipocytes) not immune cells initially but they come later, moderate to low grade but self sustaining because due to low grade you don’t get the danger signals that shut down the immune response at the end of infection
what causes the ignition of metabolic syndrome (obesity and diabetes) and inflammation
nutrients are inflammatory (food isn’t self, generates an immune response that is usually inhibited in healthy people), feeding couples nutrients with inflammatory molecules (e.g. through increased permeability to intestine), nutrients engage PRR pathways (can activate adipocytes and epithelial cells to recognise food and eating mechanics as pathogens or damage)
which molecules have PRR, DAMP and PAMP
macrophages
what other cells also have PRR and can respond to pathogens and damage
epithelial cells and adipocytes
cells recognise damage from obesity effects and induce
inflammation
cells recognise excess nutrition as a __ and induce inflammation
pathogen
how do macrophages detect self vs non-self
PRR and PAMP
how do macrophages detect damage
PRR and DAMP
how is systemic inflammation maintained
stressed or dying cells (recruited and don’t get the signal to shut down), nutrient composition alters gut microbiota (starts to make more fatty acids which activate PRR), bigger adipocytes make more inflammatory cytokines
exercise increase ___ diversity in obese people
microbial
what is the best way for long term weight loss
bariatric surgery, more than 15 years
obesity correlates with increase in
type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, airway disease neurodegeneration, cancer
in obesity __ are secreted in high amounts
cytokines
what is some evidence for obesity being an inflammatory disease
inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue or obese but not of lean mice
