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PHSL101 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what are some characteristics of inflammation

A

swelling, redness, heat, pain

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2
Q

what are the three types of immune cells

A

macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes

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3
Q

what are the two immune molecules made by macrophages

A

cytokines, chemokines

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4
Q

what do cytokines do

A

proteins that bind to receptors on other cells to activate their responses

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5
Q

what do chemokines do

A

proteins that recruit cells into a site of inflammation

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6
Q

what do macrophages do

A

reside in tissue and can detect self vs non-self, dangerous vs non-dangerous, phagocytose pathogens and activate and recruit other immune cells

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7
Q

where do macrophages grow

A

in the bone marrow

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8
Q

where are monocytes found

A

circulating in blood

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9
Q

when do monocytes mature into macrophages

A

as they move into tissue

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10
Q

macrophages produce

A

chemokines and cytokines

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11
Q

how do macrophages detect self vs non-self

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRR) detect pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) on pathogens

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12
Q

cytokines are soluble, what does this allow them to do

A

travel throughout the body, they bind to other cells to activate them to do their job

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13
Q

macrophages recruit circulating __ via production of

A

neutrophils, chemokines (proteins that attract cells)

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14
Q

cytokines are __ meaning they can have more than one main job

A

pleiotropic

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15
Q

__ induce generation of more cytokines but __ do not induce more chemokines

A

cytokines, chemokines

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16
Q

these are rapidly produced in bone marrow after infection or injury

A

neutrophils

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17
Q

these are recruited by chemokines out of the blood to the site of an infection when needed

A

neutrophils

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18
Q

describe the movements of the neutrophils as they are recruited

A

moving in the blood, rolling when they detect a chemokine (as they bump onto the wall), attaching to the wall of the blood vessel, squeezing through

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19
Q

how does a neutrophil fight a pathogen

A

phagocytosis, degranulation (release toxic chemicals)

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20
Q

macrophages also have __ __ abilities

A

wound healing

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21
Q

what are the 4 steps of acute inflammation

A

pattern recognition + danger signal, cytokine and chemokine production, recruitment of cells + phagocytosis, resolution of inflammation

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22
Q

what are the 4 main organs involved in an immune response

A

liver, muscle, brain, bone marrow

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23
Q

what are the three non-immune molecules

A

hormones, angiogenic molecules, acute phase proteins

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24
Q

cells activated during an immune response travel through the blood making cytokines and chemokines which

A

recruits cells and activates cells in other organs to help fight the infection

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25
Q

__ stop at different infected spots along the blood flow as they detect chemokines

A

neutrophils

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26
Q

what effect do cytokines have when they activate the liver

A

makes them produce acute phase proteins

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27
Q

what do acute phase proteins do

A

help neutrophils to begetter at phagocytosis

28
Q

what effect do cytokines have when they activate the bone marrow

A

make more neutrophils to increase phagocytosis

29
Q

what effect do cytokines have when they activate the brain

A

increase body temperature leading to decreased viral and bacterial replication

30
Q

what effect do cytokines have when they activate the muscle

A

mobilise proteins and energy to increase body temperature leading to decreased viral and bacterial replication

31
Q

what is the need for inflammation in response to infection

A

so you can get rid of pathogens and heal

32
Q

macrophages make __ and __ to bring in __ and __ them

A

cytokines, chemokines, neutrophils, activate

33
Q

__ and __ can phagocytose

A

nuetrophils and macrophages

34
Q

exercise results in this effect of neutrophil frequency

A

increase in frequency and this is prolonged after exercise

35
Q

which hormone released in exercise sends a signal to increase frequency of neutrophils

A

cortisol

36
Q

what is demmargination which occurs during exercise

A

neutrophils that have stopped along the way of blood flow (margination) get swept along due to increased blood flow which increases frequency

37
Q

how does exercise change function of neutrophils

A

increased degranulation ability, increased tissue migration potential, increased ability to respond to catecholamines (adrenaline) and glucocorticoids (cortisol) which increase neutrophil production

38
Q

what is the drawback to exercise causing more neutrophils to be able to phagocytose

A

per cell they are less good at it than in infection, after chronic exercise, phagocytosis decreases

39
Q

endurance athletes have increased or decreased neutrophils

A

decreased and lower function (immune depression)

40
Q

at rest, do athletes have more or less immune cells than normal people

A

the same

41
Q

over training (UPS - under performance syndrome) results in

A

immune depression

42
Q

what effect does heat in exercise have on immune system

A

if athletes core temp over 39 they have increased circulating cell frequency and increased cell function

43
Q

what effect does cold in exercise have on immune system

A

surpassed immune system

44
Q

what effect does altitude in exercise have on immune system

A

limited effect, they have more red blood cells, not white

45
Q

what effect does pollution in exercise have on immune system

A

inconclusive, pollution does negatively affect everyone, however this has nothing to do with exercise

46
Q

why do neutrophils increase during exercise

A

cortisol is released which sends a signal to the bone marrow to increase neutrophil production

47
Q

when does neutrophilia peak in exercise

A

2-3 hours after exercise

48
Q

when do circulating immune cells increase during exercise

A

immediately

49
Q

obesity and type 2 diabetes can be considered __ diseases

A

inflammatory

50
Q

neutrophils and macrophages infiltrate into __

A

fat

51
Q

inflammatory cells accumulate in

A

obesity, cytokines are secreted in high amounts

52
Q

inflammation leads to

A

tissue degeneration and organ dysfunction

53
Q

what are inflammatory mediators in metabolic organs of people

A

adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, brain, muscle

54
Q

how is systemic inflammation different to acute inflammation

A

inflammatory trigger is metabolic (caused by excess nutrition, not injury or pathogen), mediated by metabolic cells (adipocytes) not immune cells initially but they come later, moderate to low grade but self sustaining because due to low grade you don’t get the danger signals that shut down the immune response at the end of infection

55
Q

what causes the ignition of metabolic syndrome (obesity and diabetes) and inflammation

A

nutrients are inflammatory (food isn’t self, generates an immune response that is usually inhibited in healthy people), feeding couples nutrients with inflammatory molecules (e.g. through increased permeability to intestine), nutrients engage PRR pathways (can activate adipocytes and epithelial cells to recognise food and eating mechanics as pathogens or damage)

56
Q

which molecules have PRR, DAMP and PAMP

A

macrophages

57
Q

what other cells also have PRR and can respond to pathogens and damage

A

epithelial cells and adipocytes

58
Q

cells recognise damage from obesity effects and induce

A

inflammation

59
Q

cells recognise excess nutrition as a __ and induce inflammation

A

pathogen

60
Q

how do macrophages detect self vs non-self

A

PRR and PAMP

61
Q

how do macrophages detect damage

A

PRR and DAMP

62
Q

how is systemic inflammation maintained

A

stressed or dying cells (recruited and don’t get the signal to shut down), nutrient composition alters gut microbiota (starts to make more fatty acids which activate PRR), bigger adipocytes make more inflammatory cytokines

63
Q

exercise increase ___ diversity in obese people

A

microbial

64
Q

what is the best way for long term weight loss

A

bariatric surgery, more than 15 years

65
Q

obesity correlates with increase in

A

type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, airway disease neurodegeneration, cancer

66
Q

in obesity __ are secreted in high amounts

A

cytokines

67
Q

what is some evidence for obesity being an inflammatory disease

A

inflammatory cytokines in adipose tissue or obese but not of lean mice

PHSL101 (10 decks)

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