Respiratory 1 Flashcards
1
Q
respiratory primary function
A
O2 from atmosphere to alveoli–> all parts of body CO2 from blood –> atmosphere
2
Q
Secondary respiratory functions: _____ and ______
A
- first responder in acid-base disorders 2. supports speech, swallowing, and other bodily activities
3
Q
meatuses
A
spaces btwn turbinates
4
Q
turbinates
A
visible structures
5
Q
Respiration steps:
A
- ventilation: O2 to capillaries 2. diffusion: O2 diffusion–CO2 too lungs 3. perfusion: O2 circulated to tissue
6
Q
Upper airway anatomy
A
- nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. hypopharynx
7
Q
make us sneeze
A
iritant receptors
8
Q
vestibule =
A
false vocal cords (larynx)
9
Q
larynx:
A
connector
10
Q
laryngeal prominence on
A
thyroid cartilage
11
Q
cartilages of larynx top-bottom
A
thyroid, cricoid, and tracheal cartilages
12
Q
tracheal cartilage function
A
prevent collapse during inspiration and swallowing
13
Q
lungs
A
thright (superior, middle, inferior) 2left (superior, inferior)
14
Q
mediastium structure?
A
no–its a space–contains tissues and organs besides lungs and pleurae
15
Q
pleural sac division
A
visceral (stuck to lungs) and parietal (stuck to ribs) surfaces–negative pressure in space
16
Q
inspiration muscles
A
external intercostal muscles–raise sternum and rib cage
17
Q
quiet inhilation muscles
A
passive recoil of lungs
18
Q
active breathing muscles
A
internal intercostal muscles
19
Q
accessory muscles of inspiration
A
sternoclaidomastoid scalenus diaphragm (largest muscle of inspiration)
20
Q
pleurae
A
closed system–negative preasure (-5 atmospheres) –contiguous tissue layer–makes fluid
21
Q
lungs attached to
A
bronchi and pleurae–no bony connections
22
Q
entrance to lungs–small depression
A
hilum–blood vessels and nerves also enter here
23
Q
inferior boundary of mediustinum
A
diaphragm
24
Q
empties into R atrium
A
vena cava coronary circulation i.e. MIXED venous return
25
increase in the pressure of the pulmonary artery--above 25 mmHg
pulmonary hypertension
26
beginning of lower airway
trachea
27
division of trachea
2 primary bronchi --\> secondary bronchi --\> bronchiole --\> tertiary bronchi
28
split of trachea at:
carina--sensitive irritant receptors--\>cough
29
which bronchi more vertical
right -- thus things get lodged when inhaled
30
how many divisions of bronchi before bronchioli
16--benefits: ^ cross-sectional space (with each division), lower velocity --\>time for difusion
31
divisions of airway from bronchi
lobar bronchi--\>segmental bronchi--\>sub-segmental bronchi--\>X16 divisions
32
bronchial walls made of
1. epithelial layer (inside) a. goblet cells--mucus trap particles b. cilia--"beat" particles upward c. phagocytes/macrophages--destroy particles 2. smooth muscle layer--multinucleated--only constriction 3. connective tissue layer (outside)--cartilage layers tapper as we get deeper in turn to collagen
33
Bronchioles layers
1. epithelial layer (supported by connective tissue) a. no goblets or cartilage
34
last segment of conduction
terminal bronchioles
35
irritant receptors in
nares, oro/nasopharynx, trachea, carina, bronchioles
36
Alveoli number in adulthood
300 million
37
bronchioles --\>
terminal bronchioles (no cartilage) --\> respiratory bronchioles (begin to have alveoli) --\> alveolar ducts and sacs
38
whole respirator segment (respiratory bronchioles + alveola)
acinus
39
disease that attacks connective tissue of respiratory bronchioles
emphysema
40
capillaries are _______ to alveolar septa--don't go inside
integral -- site of gas exchange
41
basement membrane of capillary fused to
basement membrane of alveoli
42
O2 enter ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ________ in the pulmonary capillaries
mixed venous blood
43
alveolar sac tissue
1. type 1 cell (maintain sturcture) 2. type 2 cell (make surfactant) 3. thin basement membran 4. macrophages
44
inter septa pores for ventilation and ditribution
pores of Kohn--allows passage of air btwn alveolar sacs
45
alveoli at birth
25 million
46
alveoli
no muscle, .5 micrometers thick, lymph ducts run nearby
47
lymph leaves lungs at
hylum
48
Pulmonary circulation main function
bring venous blood from SVC and IVC into contact with alveoli for gas exchange
49
Pulmonary circulation filter ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_, preventing access to cerebral and renal vessels
thrombi (clot) and emboli (smaller particle)
50
pulmonary circulation holds \_\_\_\_\_% of circulating blood
10%-- mobilized when needed
51
\_\_\_\_\_ pulmonary capillaries to each alveoli
1000
52
each artery traces back to the _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
pulmonary arteries
53
each capillary bed traces back to an \_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_
arteriole/bronchiole
54
each bronchus/ bronchioles has its own \_\_\_\_\_\_
artery
55
each pulmonary vein drains \_\_\_\_\_\_, random organizaiton
capilaries--no valves
56
blood in the pulmonary capillaries pick up ___ from the alveoli and drop off ____ into the alveoli and the \_\_\_\_/\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_
O2, CO2, alveolar/capillary interface
57
oxygenated blood travels to ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ through ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_
left atrium pulmonary veins
58
bronchial circulation:
1. no gas exchange 2. warms, moistens air 3. nourishes airway
59
neurochemical control of resp
DRG--dorsal respiratory group (medulla)
60
\* DRG functions
dorsal respiratory group 1. sets automatic rhythm 2. efferent impulese to DIAPHRAGM 3. receives info from chmoreceptors
61
VRG
ventral respiratory group (medulla)
62
lung receptor types
1. irritant: cough--in epithelium 2. stretch receptors- in smooth muscle of airway--stim decreased resp rate and vol 3. J--in alveolar septa near capillaries--stimulates rapid shallow breathing
63
DRG
inspiration
64
VRG
inspiration/exhilation -- not as active
65
central chemoreceptor
changes in CO2--crosses BBB easily--\> senses H+ rise --\> ^respiration
66
\* VRG
\*
67
all have smooth muscle except
alveoli--thus no stretch receptors
68
ANS control of respiration
dual control
69
parasympathetic stimulation
of cholinergic receptors leading to bronchoconstriction--controls airway system
70
sympathetic fibers
leave cervical and upper thoracic ganglia--stimulate bronchodilation
71
central chemoreceptors
indirect monitoring of changes in pH (CSF), CO2, O2. Not good in hyperventilation
72
peripheral chemoreceptors
aorta, carotid bodies, near BARORECEPTORS. sensitive to PaO2 in blood.
73
peripheral chemoreceptors stimulate\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_. Primaries if Central chemoreceptors become desensitized
respiratory drive
74
lung receptors that stimulate rapid shallow breathing--seen in pulm edema, emboli, pneumonia
J type
75
multi-unit smooth muscles
each cell innervated independently--no need for many gap junctions
76
example of multi-unit smooth muscle
vascular smooth muscle, airway muscles, piloerector, ciliary muscles,
77
single-unit smooth muscles
separate muscles behave as single unit--lots of gap junctions--usually activated by spontanious depolarization
78
examples of single-unit smooth muscles
GI tract, visceral organs
79
lung receptor that increases ventilatory rate
irritant receptors
80
lung receptor that decreases respiratory rate and volume
stretch receptors
81
diphragm can be placed on length-tension curve and is usually active on ________ and passive on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
inhalation exhalation (can be used to forcefully exhale)
82
lungs recoil \_\_\_\_\_
inward
83
lungs resist inflation, requiring
muscular force to inflate
84
loss of recoil of lungs=
more compiance
85
lung stiffness =
decreased compliance
86
change in _______ needed to drive ______ into alveoli
pressure ATM (atmosphere)
87
pleura are a ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_--gives a continual slight suction
closed environment constant negative pressure (-5)
88
Upon inspiration, pleural pressure becomes ____ negative
more -- pressure transmitted to alveoli
89
Alveolar pressure
-1 on inspiration +1 on expiration ATM at 0 normally
90
positive lung pressure
expands
91
negative lung pressure
compresses
92
goal of respiration is to (transpulmonary pressure)
overcome natural recoil of lungs
93
lung resting pressure: pleural pressure:
0 -5
94
primary factors of airway resistance
1. length 2. radius 3. cross sectional area
95
airway resistance secondary factors: \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, _____ of the GAS
1. density 2. viscosity 3. velocity
96
test measuring airway resistance
pulmonary function test
97
too much acid in body
acidosis--opposite of alkalosis
98
sensory receptor that transduces chemical signals into AP's
chemoreceptor
99
symp: sputum production, shortness of breath, productive cough
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
100
projections from eukaryotic cells
cilia
101
lodging of blood clot, fat globule, gas bubble in blood stream
embolism
102
disease of breakdown of lung tissue leading to poor airflow
emphysema aka COPD
103
thin layer of cells that lines interior of blood and lymph vessels
endothelium
104
formation of excess fibrous connective tissue within organ in a reparative or reactive process
fibrosis
105
retroperetoneal structure running on the right side of the vertebral column formed by joining of the joining of the L/R common illiac veins
inferior vena cava
106
highly specialized cells--skilled in the removal of dead or dying cells and cellular debris
macrophage
107
process of laying down new bone
ossification
108
in mixtures of gases, the hypothetical of one individual gas
partial pressure
109
congenital disorder in which ductus arteriosus (connection btwn pulm artery and aorta) doesn't close
patent ductus arteriosus
110
process of body delivering blood to capillary beds
perfusion
111
cells that ingest foreign substances
phagocytes
112
nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
pharyngo-
113
potential space between the two pleura
pleural space
114
abnormal collection of gas and air in the pleural space--like pleural effusion, it may obstruct breathing
pneumothorax
115
hole or passage allowing fluid to flow from one part of body to another
shunt
116
compound that lowers the surface tension btwn 2 liquids or liquid and solid
surfactant
117
final product of blood coagulation
thrombus
118
tracheostomy is the surgery _________ is the hole
tracheotomy
119
movement of air btwn the environment and the lungs
ventilation
120
measure of the resistance of a fluid to gradual deformation
viscosity
121
with GREATER VOLUME, lung tissue exerts _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_
radial traction
122
with smaller volumes, lungs exert less \_\_\_\_\_, more \_\_\_\_\_
traction resistance
123
Lungs: parasympathetic cholinergic --\>
contract
124
lungs: sympathetic adrenergic --\>
dilate
125
higher viscosity of air =
higher resistance
126
lower viscosity of air =
lower resistance
127
Law of La Place--alveolar surface tension
decreasing radius = ^ surface tension = ^ pressure
128
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ reverses Law of La Place
surfactant (type II cells)
129
as alveolus grow smaller, surface tension \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
decreases--maintaining stability of alveoli at ^ and low volumes
130
in alveoli O2 in
CO2 out
131
which is higher: partial pressure of O2 in alveoli PAO2 or O2 pressure of venous mixed blood?
PaO2 (104 mmHg) vs PO2 (40 mmHg)
132
pressure gradiant diffuses O2 into \_\_\_\_\_\_
capillary from alveoli --\> RBC
133
O2 binds _____ and _____ to HgB
lossely and reversibly
134
enhanced oxygenation of blood when
pH more acidic, ^ CO2 concentration, blood temp,
135
Bohr effect
enhanced oxygenation of blood enhanced release of O2 to tissues
136
diffusion continues until _____ and ______ equilibrate
PaO2 and PAO2
137
CO2 diffuses quickly across ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ into \_\_\_\_\_
pressure gradient blood
138
O2 and CO2 attach to
hemoglobin
139
more CO2 bound to HgB when
no O2 bound to HgB
140
Haldane effect
drop in SaO2 (O2 saturation) facilitates carrying of CO2 to lungs
141
CO2 buildup in tissue--not diffuse to lungs
respiratory acidosis--lowered pH
142
lung elasticity ________ as we AGE.
diminishes--lungs shrink, may develop a NEGATIVE PRESSURE and may collapse
143
Fibrosis--scarring of lungs makes lungs less \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
compliant--lower volume
144
fluid accumulation in alveoli sacs--decreased lung compliance
pulmonary edema
145
obesity causes _____ \_\_\_\_
decreased compliance--lower functional residual capacity FRC
146
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and _________ decrease radius and cross sectional area of airway --\> ^ resistance --\> difficult ventilation
swelling, mucous, bronchospasm
147
premature babies no surfactant --\> no O2 to RBC --\>hypoxemia
hyaline membrane disease
148
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ _________ binds tenaciously to hG displacing O2
carbon monoxide (poisoning) O2 also doesn't release--coma before any warning signs
149
CCC ParasympathetiC
Cholinergic fibers Constrict airway
150
symp
parasymp
bronchodilation
bronchoconstricion (controller)
151
PaO2
PAO2
arterial pressure
alveolar pressure
152
initiates shallow breathing during \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_,and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
edema, pneumonia, XXXX
J receptor
153
154
mechanical ventilation depends on chest wall \_\_\_\_\_\_
recoil--chest wll has outward pressure (will spring open if chopped)
155
on exhilation diaphragm is
longer--relaxed--extended superiorly into thorax
156
respirator center that innervates larynx and vocal cords
VRG
ventral respiratory group
157
depress rib cage
internal intercostals, rectus abdominis
158
excessory muscles of expiration
transvers abdominis, rectus adbominis, internal/external obliques
159
respiratory nucleus that receiuves info from chemoreceptors
DRG
160
position used to relax abdominal caviity allowing easier breathing
tripod manuever--allows diaphragm to come to full length --\> bigger breath
161
chest wants to go \_\_\_\_, lungs want to go ______ thus\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_
out, in
negative pressure
162
compliance aka distensibility reciprocal of \_\_\_\_\_\_
recoil
163
increased compliance =
loss of recoil (as from age or scarring)
164
pulmonary edema leads to
decreased lung compliance--\>less compliant alveola --\> decreased lung compliance
165
makes it difficult to blow air out
emphysema
166
muscles make chest wall rise and expand --\> pleura expands --\> pleural pressure drops to -7--\> lung volume expands --\>
relation of pressure and volume
167
PAO2 at normal conditions is ____ as ATM
same--no flow in normal conditions--requires action
168
upon inspiration PAO2 ___ to \_\_\_
drops to -1--normal inspiration
169
PAO2 and pleural pressure drops
as lung volume rises (think of if I opened balloon from outside)
170
PAO2 and pleural pressure rise
as lung volume drops
171
possitive pressures
negative pressures
expand
compress
172
difference between alveolar (internal) and pleural (external) pressures
transpulmonary pressure -- closed systems
173
when pressure in alveola becomes negative as from muscles of inhilation activation and increase chest volume in
0 ATM atmospheric air will passively fill alveola--\> gas exchange
174
what O2 you can access/ live with
vital capacity
175
FRC
functional reserve capacity
176
difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure
transmural/ transpulmonary pressure
177
prime initiator of ventilation
diaphragm--drives mechanical force
178
179
slippery substance that interupts molecules--decreasing surface tension (wants to pull alveola in--\>collapse)
surfactant
180
as radius of sphere goes down, pressure (surface tension) goes
up--surfactant keeps alveola (especially small ones) from collapsing
181
O2 diffusion: PAO2 and PaO2 want to
equilibrate
182
point at which half of HgB is occupied
P50
183
humans "happy" at almost \_\_\_\_\_% HgB saturation
100%--roughly 75-100 mmHg PO2
184
acidic blood pH, ^ CO2, hyperthermia will cause
"shift to the right" on HgB%/PO2 graph--more pressure needed to saturate HgB
185
if no O2 attached to HgB--site becomes very\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to \_\_\_\_\_\_
"attractive" to CO2 -- Haldane effect
186
