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Fundies First Module--First Exam > Respiratory 1 > Flashcards

Respiratory 1 Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory primary function

A

O2 from atmosphere to alveoli–> all parts of body CO2 from blood –> atmosphere

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2
Q

Secondary respiratory functions: _____ and ______

A
  1. first responder in acid-base disorders 2. supports speech, swallowing, and other bodily activities
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3
Q

meatuses

A

spaces btwn turbinates

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4
Q

turbinates

A

visible structures

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5
Q

Respiration steps:

A
  1. ventilation: O2 to capillaries 2. diffusion: O2 diffusion–CO2 too lungs 3. perfusion: O2 circulated to tissue
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6
Q

Upper airway anatomy

A
  1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. hypopharynx
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7
Q

make us sneeze

A

iritant receptors

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8
Q

vestibule =

A

false vocal cords (larynx)

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9
Q

larynx:

A

connector

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10
Q

laryngeal prominence on

A

thyroid cartilage

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11
Q

cartilages of larynx top-bottom

A

thyroid, cricoid, and tracheal cartilages

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12
Q

tracheal cartilage function

A

prevent collapse during inspiration and swallowing

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13
Q

lungs

A

thright (superior, middle, inferior) 2left (superior, inferior)

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14
Q

mediastium structure?

A

no–its a space–contains tissues and organs besides lungs and pleurae

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15
Q

pleural sac division

A

visceral (stuck to lungs) and parietal (stuck to ribs) surfaces–negative pressure in space

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16
Q

inspiration muscles

A

external intercostal muscles–raise sternum and rib cage

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17
Q

quiet inhilation muscles

A

passive recoil of lungs

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18
Q

active breathing muscles

A

internal intercostal muscles

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19
Q

accessory muscles of inspiration

A

sternoclaidomastoid scalenus diaphragm (largest muscle of inspiration)

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20
Q

pleurae

A

closed system–negative preasure (-5 atmospheres) –contiguous tissue layer–makes fluid

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21
Q

lungs attached to

A

bronchi and pleurae–no bony connections

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22
Q

entrance to lungs–small depression

A

hilum–blood vessels and nerves also enter here

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23
Q

inferior boundary of mediustinum

A

diaphragm

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24
Q

empties into R atrium

A

vena cava coronary circulation i.e. MIXED venous return

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25
Q

increase in the pressure of the pulmonary artery–above 25 mmHg

A

pulmonary hypertension

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26
Q

beginning of lower airway

A

trachea

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27
Q

division of trachea

A

2 primary bronchi –> secondary bronchi –> bronchiole –> tertiary bronchi

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28
Q

split of trachea at:

A

carina–sensitive irritant receptors–>cough

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29
Q

which bronchi more vertical

A

right – thus things get lodged when inhaled

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30
Q

how many divisions of bronchi before bronchioli

A

16–benefits: ^ cross-sectional space (with each division), lower velocity –>time for difusion

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31
Q

divisions of airway from bronchi

A

lobar bronchi–>segmental bronchi–>sub-segmental bronchi–>X16 divisions

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32
Q

bronchial walls made of

A
  1. epithelial layer (inside) a. goblet cells–mucus trap particles b. cilia–“beat” particles upward c. phagocytes/macrophages–destroy particles 2. smooth muscle layer–multinucleated–only constriction 3. connective tissue layer (outside)–cartilage layers tapper as we get deeper in turn to collagen
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33
Q

Bronchioles layers

A
  1. epithelial layer (supported by connective tissue) a. no goblets or cartilage
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34
Q

last segment of conduction

A

terminal bronchioles

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35
Q

irritant receptors in

A

nares, oro/nasopharynx, trachea, carina, bronchioles

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36
Q

Alveoli number in adulthood

A

300 million

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37
Q

bronchioles –>

A

terminal bronchioles (no cartilage) –> respiratory bronchioles (begin to have alveoli) –> alveolar ducts and sacs

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38
Q

whole respirator segment (respiratory bronchioles + alveola)

A

acinus

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39
Q

disease that attacks connective tissue of respiratory bronchioles

A

emphysema

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40
Q

capillaries are _______ to alveolar septa–don’t go inside

A

integral – site of gas exchange

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41
Q

basement membrane of capillary fused to

A

basement membrane of alveoli

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42
Q

O2 enter ______ _______ ________ in the pulmonary capillaries

A

mixed venous blood

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43
Q

alveolar sac tissue

A
  1. type 1 cell (maintain sturcture) 2. type 2 cell (make surfactant) 3. thin basement membran 4. macrophages
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44
Q

inter septa pores for ventilation and ditribution

A

pores of Kohn–allows passage of air btwn alveolar sacs

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45
Q

alveoli at birth

A

25 million

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46
Q

alveoli

A

no muscle, .5 micrometers thick, lymph ducts run nearby

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47
Q

lymph leaves lungs at

A

hylum

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48
Q

Pulmonary circulation main function

A

bring venous blood from SVC and IVC into contact with alveoli for gas exchange

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49
Q

Pulmonary circulation filter ______ and ______, preventing access to cerebral and renal vessels

A

thrombi (clot) and emboli (smaller particle)

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50
Q

pulmonary circulation holds _____% of circulating blood

A

10%– mobilized when needed

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51
Q

_____ pulmonary capillaries to each alveoli

A

1000

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52
Q

each artery traces back to the _________ _______

A

pulmonary arteries

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53
Q

each capillary bed traces back to an ____/______

A

arteriole/bronchiole

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54
Q

each bronchus/ bronchioles has its own ______

A

artery

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55
Q

each pulmonary vein drains ______, random organizaiton

A

capilaries–no valves

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56
Q

blood in the pulmonary capillaries pick up ___ from the alveoli and drop off ____ into the alveoli and the ____/______ ______

A

O2, CO2, alveolar/capillary interface

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57
Q

oxygenated blood travels to ____ ______ through ______ ______

A

left atrium pulmonary veins

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58
Q

bronchial circulation:

A
  1. no gas exchange 2. warms, moistens air 3. nourishes airway
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59
Q

neurochemical control of resp

A

DRG–dorsal respiratory group (medulla)

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60
Q

* DRG functions

A

dorsal respiratory group 1. sets automatic rhythm 2. efferent impulese to DIAPHRAGM 3. receives info from chmoreceptors

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61
Q

VRG

A

ventral respiratory group (medulla)

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62
Q

lung receptor types

A
  1. irritant: cough–in epithelium 2. stretch receptors- in smooth muscle of airway–stim decreased resp rate and vol 3. J–in alveolar septa near capillaries–stimulates rapid shallow breathing
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63
Q

DRG

A

inspiration

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64
Q

VRG

A

inspiration/exhilation – not as active

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65
Q

central chemoreceptor

A

changes in CO2–crosses BBB easily–> senses H+ rise –> ^respiration

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66
Q

* VRG

A

*

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67
Q

all have smooth muscle except

A

alveoli–thus no stretch receptors

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68
Q

ANS control of respiration

A

dual control

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69
Q

parasympathetic stimulation

A

of cholinergic receptors leading to bronchoconstriction–controls airway system

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70
Q

sympathetic fibers

A

leave cervical and upper thoracic ganglia–stimulate bronchodilation

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71
Q

central chemoreceptors

A

indirect monitoring of changes in pH (CSF), CO2, O2. Not good in hyperventilation

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72
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors

A

aorta, carotid bodies, near BARORECEPTORS. sensitive to PaO2 in blood.

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73
Q

peripheral chemoreceptors stimulate_____ ______. Primaries if Central chemoreceptors become desensitized

A

respiratory drive

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74
Q

lung receptors that stimulate rapid shallow breathing–seen in pulm edema, emboli, pneumonia

A

J type

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75
Q

multi-unit smooth muscles

A

each cell innervated independently–no need for many gap junctions

76
Q

example of multi-unit smooth muscle

A

vascular smooth muscle, airway muscles, piloerector, ciliary muscles,

77
Q

single-unit smooth muscles

A

separate muscles behave as single unit–lots of gap junctions–usually activated by spontanious depolarization

78
Q

examples of single-unit smooth muscles

A

GI tract, visceral organs

79
Q

lung receptor that increases ventilatory rate

A

irritant receptors

80
Q

lung receptor that decreases respiratory rate and volume

A

stretch receptors

81
Q

diphragm can be placed on length-tension curve and is usually active on ________ and passive on ________

A

inhalation exhalation (can be used to forcefully exhale)

82
Q

lungs recoil _____

A

inward

83
Q

lungs resist inflation, requiring

A

muscular force to inflate

84
Q

loss of recoil of lungs=

A

more compiance

85
Q

lung stiffness =

A

decreased compliance

86
Q

change in _______ needed to drive ______ into alveoli

A

pressure ATM (atmosphere)

87
Q

pleura are a ______ ________–gives a continual slight suction

A

closed environment constant negative pressure (-5)

88
Q

Upon inspiration, pleural pressure becomes ____ negative

A

more – pressure transmitted to alveoli

89
Q

Alveolar pressure

A

-1 on inspiration +1 on expiration ATM at 0 normally

90
Q

positive lung pressure

A

expands

91
Q

negative lung pressure

A

compresses

92
Q

goal of respiration is to (transpulmonary pressure)

A

overcome natural recoil of lungs

93
Q

lung resting pressure: pleural pressure:

A

0 -5

94
Q

primary factors of airway resistance

A
  1. length 2. radius 3. cross sectional area
95
Q

airway resistance secondary factors: ______, _______, _____ of the GAS

A
  1. density 2. viscosity 3. velocity
96
Q

test measuring airway resistance

A

pulmonary function test

97
Q

too much acid in body

A

acidosis–opposite of alkalosis

98
Q

sensory receptor that transduces chemical signals into AP’s

A

chemoreceptor

99
Q

symp: sputum production, shortness of breath, productive cough

A

COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

100
Q

projections from eukaryotic cells

A

cilia

101
Q

lodging of blood clot, fat globule, gas bubble in blood stream

A

embolism

102
Q

disease of breakdown of lung tissue leading to poor airflow

A

emphysema aka COPD

103
Q

thin layer of cells that lines interior of blood and lymph vessels

A

endothelium

104
Q

formation of excess fibrous connective tissue within organ in a reparative or reactive process

A

fibrosis

105
Q

retroperetoneal structure running on the right side of the vertebral column formed by joining of the joining of the L/R common illiac veins

A

inferior vena cava

106
Q

highly specialized cells–skilled in the removal of dead or dying cells and cellular debris

A

macrophage

107
Q

process of laying down new bone

A

ossification

108
Q

in mixtures of gases, the hypothetical of one individual gas

A

partial pressure

109
Q

congenital disorder in which ductus arteriosus (connection btwn pulm artery and aorta) doesn’t close

A

patent ductus arteriosus

110
Q

process of body delivering blood to capillary beds

A

perfusion

111
Q

cells that ingest foreign substances

A

phagocytes

112
Q

nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

A

pharyngo-

113
Q

potential space between the two pleura

A

pleural space

114
Q

abnormal collection of gas and air in the pleural space–like pleural effusion, it may obstruct breathing

A

pneumothorax

115
Q

hole or passage allowing fluid to flow from one part of body to another

A

shunt

116
Q

compound that lowers the surface tension btwn 2 liquids or liquid and solid

A

surfactant

117
Q

final product of blood coagulation

A

thrombus

118
Q

tracheostomy is the surgery _________ is the hole

A

tracheotomy

119
Q

movement of air btwn the environment and the lungs

A

ventilation

120
Q

measure of the resistance of a fluid to gradual deformation

A

viscosity

121
Q

with GREATER VOLUME, lung tissue exerts _____ ______

A

radial traction

122
Q

with smaller volumes, lungs exert less _____, more _____

A

traction resistance

123
Q

Lungs: parasympathetic cholinergic –>

A

contract

124
Q

lungs: sympathetic adrenergic –>

A

dilate

125
Q

higher viscosity of air =

A

higher resistance

126
Q

lower viscosity of air =

A

lower resistance

127
Q

Law of La Place–alveolar surface tension

A

decreasing radius = ^ surface tension = ^ pressure

128
Q

_______ reverses Law of La Place

A

surfactant (type II cells)

129
Q

as alveolus grow smaller, surface tension ________

A

decreases–maintaining stability of alveoli at ^ and low volumes

130
Q

in alveoli O2 in

A

CO2 out

131
Q

which is higher: partial pressure of O2 in alveoli PAO2 or O2 pressure of venous mixed blood?

A

PaO2 (104 mmHg) vs PO2 (40 mmHg)

132
Q

pressure gradiant diffuses O2 into ______

A

capillary from alveoli –> RBC

133
Q

O2 binds _____ and _____ to HgB

A

lossely and reversibly

134
Q

enhanced oxygenation of blood when

A

pH more acidic, ^ CO2 concentration, blood temp,

135
Q

Bohr effect

A

enhanced oxygenation of blood enhanced release of O2 to tissues

136
Q

diffusion continues until _____ and ______ equilibrate

A

PaO2 and PAO2

137
Q

CO2 diffuses quickly across ______ ______ into _____

A

pressure gradient blood

138
Q

O2 and CO2 attach to

A

hemoglobin

139
Q

more CO2 bound to HgB when

A

no O2 bound to HgB

140
Q

Haldane effect

A

drop in SaO2 (O2 saturation) facilitates carrying of CO2 to lungs

141
Q

CO2 buildup in tissue–not diffuse to lungs

A

respiratory acidosis–lowered pH

142
Q

lung elasticity ________ as we AGE.

A

diminishes–lungs shrink, may develop a NEGATIVE PRESSURE and may collapse

143
Q

Fibrosis–scarring of lungs makes lungs less _______

A

compliant–lower volume

144
Q

fluid accumulation in alveoli sacs–decreased lung compliance

A

pulmonary edema

145
Q

obesity causes _____ ____

A

decreased compliance–lower functional residual capacity FRC

146
Q

_________, __________, and _________ decrease radius and cross sectional area of airway –> ^ resistance –> difficult ventilation

A

swelling, mucous, bronchospasm

147
Q

premature babies no surfactant –> no O2 to RBC –>hypoxemia

A

hyaline membrane disease

148
Q

_______ _________ binds tenaciously to hG displacing O2

A

carbon monoxide (poisoning) O2 also doesn’t release–coma before any warning signs

149
Q

CCC ParasympathetiC

A

Cholinergic fibers Constrict airway

150
Q

symp

parasymp

A

bronchodilation

bronchoconstricion (controller)

151
Q

PaO2

PAO2

A

arterial pressure

alveolar pressure

152
Q

initiates shallow breathing during ______, ________,and _________

A

edema, pneumonia, XXXX

J receptor

153
Q
A
154
Q

mechanical ventilation depends on chest wall ______

A

recoil–chest wll has outward pressure (will spring open if chopped)

155
Q

on exhilation diaphragm is

A

longer–relaxed–extended superiorly into thorax

156
Q

respirator center that innervates larynx and vocal cords

A

VRG

ventral respiratory group

157
Q

depress rib cage

A

internal intercostals, rectus abdominis

158
Q

excessory muscles of expiration

A

transvers abdominis, rectus adbominis, internal/external obliques

159
Q

respiratory nucleus that receiuves info from chemoreceptors

A

DRG

160
Q

position used to relax abdominal caviity allowing easier breathing

A

tripod manuever–allows diaphragm to come to full length –> bigger breath

161
Q

chest wants to go ____, lungs want to go ______ thus_____ _____

A

out, in

negative pressure

162
Q

compliance aka distensibility reciprocal of ______

A

recoil

163
Q

increased compliance =

A

loss of recoil (as from age or scarring)

164
Q

pulmonary edema leads to

A

decreased lung compliance–>less compliant alveola –> decreased lung compliance

165
Q

makes it difficult to blow air out

A

emphysema

166
Q

muscles make chest wall rise and expand –> pleura expands –> pleural pressure drops to -7–> lung volume expands –>

A

relation of pressure and volume

167
Q

PAO2 at normal conditions is ____ as ATM

A

same–no flow in normal conditions–requires action

168
Q

upon inspiration PAO2 ___ to ___

A

drops to -1–normal inspiration

169
Q

PAO2 and pleural pressure drops

A

as lung volume rises (think of if I opened balloon from outside)

170
Q

PAO2 and pleural pressure rise

A

as lung volume drops

171
Q

possitive pressures

negative pressures

A

expand

compress

172
Q

difference between alveolar (internal) and pleural (external) pressures

A

transpulmonary pressure – closed systems

173
Q

when pressure in alveola becomes negative as from muscles of inhilation activation and increase chest volume in

A

0 ATM atmospheric air will passively fill alveola–> gas exchange

174
Q

what O2 you can access/ live with

A

vital capacity

175
Q

FRC

A

functional reserve capacity

176
Q

difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure

A

transmural/ transpulmonary pressure

177
Q

prime initiator of ventilation

A

diaphragm–drives mechanical force

178
Q
A
179
Q

slippery substance that interupts molecules–decreasing surface tension (wants to pull alveola in–>collapse)

A

surfactant

180
Q

as radius of sphere goes down, pressure (surface tension) goes

A

up–surfactant keeps alveola (especially small ones) from collapsing

181
Q

O2 diffusion: PAO2 and PaO2 want to

A

equilibrate

182
Q

point at which half of HgB is occupied

A

P50

183
Q

humans “happy” at almost _____% HgB saturation

A

100%–roughly 75-100 mmHg PO2

184
Q

acidic blood pH, ^ CO2, hyperthermia will cause

A

“shift to the right” on HgB%/PO2 graph–more pressure needed to saturate HgB

185
Q

if no O2 attached to HgB–site becomes very________ to ______

A

“attractive” to CO2 – Haldane effect

186
Q
A

Fundies First Module--First Exam (13 decks)

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