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Fundies First Module--First Exam > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

neurons need

A

second to second supply of O2 and glucose–very limited anaerobic capacity

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2
Q

Sodium cell potential

A

+65 mv

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3
Q

Parkinsonism symptomology

A

athetosis (slow, writhing, convoluted, involluntary movements), chorea, pill rolling, festinating gate

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4
Q

muscle reflex has

A

complimentary IPSP on opposing muscle (i.e. bicep vs tricep)

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5
Q

Basal Ganglia composed of

A

Striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei

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6
Q

striatum composed of / pathology

A

caudate nucleus , putaman (chorea), fundus strati

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7
Q

primary brain tumors caused from

A

glia due to ability to divide vs. neurons

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8
Q

globus pallidus pathology

A

athetosis

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9
Q

substantia nigra pathology

A

Parkinson’s

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10
Q

important for hippocampal function

A

thymine–Wernicke’s encephalopathy (unable to make new memories)

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11
Q

all sensory input except sight goes through

A

thalamus

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12
Q

hypothalamus involved in

A

feelings of hunger/thirst, pain, pleasure, major limbic center (rage, tranquility, pleasure, fear) temp control,

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13
Q

Hypothalamus controls

A

pituitary

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14
Q

Midbrain controls

A

eye movement, auditory, visual systems–think of how ancient the function is

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15
Q

medulla/ mylencephalon controls

A

autonomic center, coordinates swallowing, coughing

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16
Q

*. Cerebellar damage

A

errors in RATE, RANGE, FORCE, and DIRECTION

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17
Q

damage to cerebellum

A

lack of coordination (ataxia), intention tremors

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18
Q

normal ECF K+ levels

A

4 meq/l

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19
Q

tremor

A

rhythmic movement of extremity

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20
Q

Dangerous ECF K+ levels indicative of widespread cell lysis

A

7-8 meq/l

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21
Q

intention tremor indicative of

A

cerebellar lesion vs. resting tremor

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22
Q

cells lining ventricles forming CSF

A

ependymal cells –> produce 500 ml/day

1 of the 4 neuroglia of CNS

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23
Q

CSF found in

A

ventricles (lateral, 3rd, 4th), cerebral canal, & central canal/ subarachnoid space of SC

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24
Q

CSF sampled btwn

A

3rd and 4th lumbar vert

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25
Q

Things that are _____ and _____ have trouble getting past BBB

A

large and charged

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26
Q

children have _____ BBB

A

incomplete–thus brain infection higher probability–low threshold for infant lumbar puncture

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27
Q

BBB is highly permeable to

A

H2O, CO2, O2, lipids, non-polar substances

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28
Q

yellow/ green from bruise is

A

billiruben–can’t cross adult BBB

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29
Q

billiruben in infant brain due to V BBB

A

Kernicterus, Phenylketonuria (post-natal light therapy used to break down billiruben)

30
Q

Major commissure of neocortex

A

corpus callosum

31
Q

CT dark =

A

fluid

32
Q

biconvex hematoma

A

epidural

33
Q

crescent moon shaped hematoma

A

subdural

34
Q

spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

35
Q

impending uncal herniation sign

A

pupil dilation– pressure puts traction against CN III cutting of parasympathetic innervation thus leaving only sympathetic pupillary tone

36
Q

motor nerve leaving SC to periphery

A

lower motor neuron

37
Q

motor neuron from motor cortex descending SC

A

upper motor neuron

38
Q

dorsal horn/ root

A

sensory/ afferent

39
Q

carry cold, pressure, and acute pain

A

A delta fibers – myelinated

40
Q

transmit steady, dull, constant pain

A

C fibers – unmyelinated

41
Q

apex of dorsal horn–for sensory modulation

A

substantia gelatinosa–act as gates (frequency and transmission of signals)

42
Q

lower motor neuron cell bodies in

A

ventral/ anterior horn of SC

43
Q

Sensory modulation happens at _____ and _______

A
  1. level of spinal cord–SG and 2. centrally–in thalamus
44
Q

Sensory neurons named

A

ex. first order, second order, third order, etc.
sense organ to SC: first order sensory neuron
spinothalamic nerve: second order sensory neuron
thalamocortical nerve: third order sensory neuron

45
Q

pain sensation

A

free nerve ending– C fiber– unmyalenated

46
Q

perception of pressure to skin

A

mechanoreceptors

 1. pacinian corpuscles--
 2. baroreceptors
47
Q

pain and temperature (spinothelamic tract) neurons decussate at

A

the level of the SC that they enter

48
Q

vibration neurons decussate at (lemniscal tract)

A

level of medulla – clinically pertinent

49
Q

upper motor neurons decussate at

A

pyramids of medulla–for destinations bellow the bulbar (medulla)

50
Q

partial transection of spinal cord

A

Brown-Sequard syndrome–pain and temp lost from opposite side and vibration from same side as lesion

51
Q

craniobulbar

A

cranial nerves (bulbar=medulla)

52
Q

motor fibers aka

A

Alpha fibers (myelenated)

53
Q

stretch reflex

A

self contained in SC- (watch videos)

antagonist muscle inhibited

54
Q

Golgi tendon organ (video)

A

located in muscle tendon (not meant to stretch)–self contained in SC

  1. signal sent to SC afferent
  2. interneurons transmit
  3. efferent signals sent to corresponding muscle inhibiting further contration (makes muscle flaccid)
  4. efferent signal sent to antagonist muscle
55
Q

tends to dampen muscle spindle stretch reflex

A

upper motor neuron–thus when upper motor neuron lesion DTR’s will be more extreme

56
Q

hyporreflexive upon reflex hammer test

A

possible lower motor neuron lesion

57
Q

hyperreflexive upon reflex hammer test

A

possible upper motor neuron lesion

58
Q

when looking at reflexes

A

compare side to side &

top to bottom

59
Q

system containing all sub-components of motor system

A

pyramidal system

60
Q

principal component of pyramidal system

A

corticospinal tract

61
Q
  • pyramidal tract pathology (UMN) -know-
A

weakness, spasticity, hyperactive DTR’s , Babinski sign

62
Q

great toe extension when sole of foot is stimulated

A

babinski sign vs flexion normally

63
Q

inability to perform volitional movements rapidly and with ease.

A

akinesisa (extrapyramidal system dysfunction), mask-like affect

64
Q

basal ganglia part of / disfunction?

A

extrapyramidal system– disfunction–> movement disorder

65
Q
  • extra pyramidal disorder symptoms
A

akinesisa, mask, ridgidity (lead-pipe, cog-wheel), resting-tremor (clears with intentional movement), pill rolling, athetosis, chorea

66
Q

sinuous snake-like involuntary movements

A

athetosis

67
Q

NONREPETETIVE, jerky, involuntary movements

A

chorea

68
Q

famous for extrapyramidal side effects

A

antipsychotics (neuroleptics)

69
Q

With spasticity– neuronal death–as from infantile or stroke anoxia is random–is _______, and ______ motor neurons will win out

A

random, and intact

70
Q

substantia gelatinosum gated modulation in dorsal horn

A

put ice on smashed finger– 50% of cold and 50% of pain carried = sensory modulation

Fundies First Module--First Exam (13 decks)

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