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Fundies First Module--First Exam > Intro to Pharm > Flashcards

Intro to Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

drug def

A

something put in body for intended effect

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2
Q

drugs that are almost exclusively harmful

A

poison

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3
Q

FDA def drug

A

substance intended for:

  1. dx
  2. cure
  3. mitigation
  4. treatment
  5. prevention (prophylaxis) of disease
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4
Q

natural sources of drugs

A
  1. botanical (plant)
  2. mineral/ earth (metalic vs. non-metallic)
  3. animal
  4. microbiological (bacteria/fungi) (penicilin, gentimyocin, streptomyocin)
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5
Q

when nucleas of drug from natural source and chemical structure is altered

A

synthetic drug–most drugs nowadays

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6
Q

when nucleus of drug from natural source is retained but chem structure altered

A

semi-synthetic drug

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7
Q

desired gene spliced into rapidly repicating DNA (viral)–allowing vast production

A

recombinant DNA technology

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8
Q

mineral drugs

A

iron, mercury salts, zinc, iodine, selenium

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9
Q

advantages to recombinant DNA technology

A
  1. huge amount can be produced
  2. drugs can be obtained in pure form
  3. it is less antigenic
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10
Q

Jenner–smallpox vaccine

A

contact with cowpox (milder disease in humans) –> immunity

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11
Q

vaccine

A

agent that resembles a pathogenic microorganism but does no cause the disease–immunity to wild-type microbe

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12
Q

study of all aspects of drugs–history–>therapeutics

A

pharmacology

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13
Q

clinical def of pharm

A

study of those specific aspect of drugs which have relevance in their use in treatment, prevention, or dx of human disease.

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14
Q

branch of pharmacology dealing with harmful effects of chemicals

A

toxicology

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15
Q

Paracelsus

A

the dose makes the poinson

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16
Q

clinical toxicology def

A

study of the adverse effects of drugs on humans when these drugs are used in disease dx, prevention, treatment, or in cases of accidental poinsoning

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17
Q

ability of chemical to kill microb w/out harming host

A

selective toxicity

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18
Q

side-effects aka

A

adverse drug reaction

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19
Q

what drug does to the body

A

pharmacodynamics

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20
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

what drug does to the body

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21
Q

what body does to the drug

A

pharmacokinetics

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22
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

what body does to the drug

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23
Q

pharmacokinetics- what body does to drug

A
  1. absorption
  2. distribution
  3. metabolism
  4. elimination
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24
Q

liver’s goal in metabolizing drugs

A

make water soluble

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25
Q

best drugs

A

lipid soluble

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26
Q

2 important considerations in pharmacodynamics

A
  1. mechanism of therapeutic and toxic rxns (mechanism of action)
  2. Dose-response relationships–therapeutic window or index
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27
Q

dosage range where there is benefit while minimizing toxicity risk

A

therapeutic window or index

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28
Q

How the drug moves through the body

A

pharmacokinetics–most active forms of drugs have been chemically changed

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29
Q

passage of drug from aministration site to general circulation

A

drug absorption

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30
Q

movement of drug from general circulation to target tissue

A

drug distribution

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31
Q

biotransformation–often necessary for proper activity or excretion

A

drug metabolism–may make multiple passes

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32
Q

removal of drug or metabolite from body

A

elimination–may be changed or unchanged

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33
Q

elimination pathways

A

urine, feces, perspiration, respiration, milk, tears, asaliva

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34
Q

main organ for elimination

A

kidneys–

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35
Q

time required to eliminate 50% of absorbed dose of drug

A

half-life

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36
Q

most common use for drugs

A

therapeutic–treatment of disease

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37
Q

guard against disease–preventive

A

phrophylactic use–i.e. asparin for MI

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38
Q

drugs to identify or establish cause for disease

A

diagnostic use of drug

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39
Q

drugs that carry the “federal law prohibits dispensing w/out a prescription” label

A

legend drugs

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40
Q

SAFETY + EFFICACY of drug, but not specifically made for problem

A

appropriate off-label use

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41
Q

does the FDA regulate the practice of medicine?

A

No

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42
Q

must show safety and efficacy of treatment if using drugs_____-_____

A

off-label

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43
Q

drug interactions may ______ or _______ effect of drug; interactions can be ________ or ________

A

increased or decreased

positive (wanted by doc) or negative (not wanted by doc)

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44
Q

positive drug interactions may be ______ or ________

A

additive or synergistic

45
Q

Predispositions for drug interactions

A
  1. old age (organ and tissue decrease in function)
  2. polypharmacy (lots of drugs)
  3. genetics
  4. hepatic or renal disease (higher levels of drugs in body)
  5. use of drugs with narrow therapeutic index
46
Q

Types of Drug interactions– may be wanted or unwanted

A
  1. drug-drug
  2. drug-food
  3. drug-disease
  4. drug-receptor (mechanism of action for drug)
47
Q

notorious drug-food interaciton

A

grapefruit

48
Q

name for drug used during research

A

chemical name

49
Q

the common or nonproprietary name of active drug–forever attached to drug compound or chemical

A

generic name

50
Q

prescribing should be done using the

A

generic name i.e. acetaminophen

51
Q

generic drug contrasted from

A

generic name

52
Q

generic drugs must be ________ to a brand name drug

A

bioequivalent or identical

53
Q

nutritional supplements and herbs covered under

A

DSHEA

54
Q

average time before drug hits marked from Investigational New Drug IND application

A

6 years

55
Q

considerations in choosing route of admin

A
  1. speed–closest to target
  2. characteristics of drug–absorbable?
  3. patient state– i.e. conscious/ child
  4. Risk–some routes ^toxicity
  5. positive correlation btwn risk of injection and by-pass of barriers to absorption–i.e. risk of infection for I.V.
  6. Cost
56
Q

Topical administration

A
  1. Oral –sublingual (bipasses liver) / buccal (not for high dose drugs)
  2. Skin–i.e. cream–local or systemic
  3. eye–i.e. antibiotic drops
57
Q

Respiratory administration

A
  1. intranasal meds–topical

2. inhaled medications–drugs delivered to alveoli and bronchioles

58
Q

enteral administration

A

drug somewhere along GI tract

  1. oral
  2. rectal
59
Q

parenteral administration

A
  1. bypass GI tract

2. ex. IV, IM, SC, ID, IO, epidural

60
Q

topical administration

A
  1. oral
  2. classical topical route
  3. transdermal
61
Q

transdermal patches benefits

A
  1. self administered
  2. avoid first pass metabolism (“downstream from liver)
  3. systemic
  4. can be chewed
    Many drugs moving this dirrection
62
Q

Enteral admin

A

PO (by mouth)

63
Q

enteral admin disadvantages

A
  1. variable absorption
  2. upset stomach
  3. compliance
  4. first pass metabolism
64
Q

“absorption rate limiting” steps

A

pill coating

65
Q

dissolving of drug happens in stomach–absorption happens in_______

A

small intestine (large surface area due to microvilli–pH effects degree of ionization of drugs therefor drug absorption–will dictate direction of movement through membranes

66
Q

pH in stomach lower when

A

food present

67
Q

pH of small intestine optimal for

A

enzymatic activity–digestion of protein, carbs, and lipids–enzymes secreted into duodenum

68
Q

small intestine pH rises

A

as food moves toward terminal end

69
Q

colon

A
  1. lacks microvilli
  2. semi solid contents
  3. lower pH than small intestine
  4. lubcricated with mucin
  5. poor absorption but some drugs designed to be absorbed here (sustained release products)
70
Q

rectal

A
  1. pH 7
  2. little fluid
  3. variable absorption
  4. MIGHT escape first-pass metabolism
  5. good for peds
71
Q

parenteral administration

A

w/ needle i.e.

  1. IV
  2. IM
  3. SubQ
  4. ID
72
Q

advantages to parenteral admin

A
  1. rapid delivery
  2. rapid onset
  3. good control
73
Q

disadvantages to parenteral admin

A
  1. skilled personel
  2. expensive
  3. hard to reverse adverse rxn
  4. infection (infiltration or extravasation)
74
Q

intraarterial

A

for injection of dx substances

75
Q

IM admin

A

along with subQ–most common parenteral route

76
Q

IM admin depends on

A
  1. blood flow
  2. lateral dispersion of drug
  3. can be controlled by adding vaso constrictor/dilator
77
Q

subcutaneous SC

A

same factors for absorption as IM

78
Q

locations for SC

A

abdomen, upper back, hips, lat prox arms (thicker subQ)

79
Q

Intradermal admin

A

same factors as IM–lower blood flow than muscles

TB test

80
Q

Intraosseous admin

A

large volumes of fluid able to be infused

81
Q

Intraarticular (injection into joint capsule)

A

usu. steroids, antimicrobials, anesthetics

82
Q

Intralesional admin

A

usu. before removal of lesion

83
Q

Epidural admin

A

injection ABOVE dura mater typically at L3-L4 level

usually for anesthetic

84
Q

Intrathecal admin

A

injection through dura mater into spinal canal into CNS

w/out going through BBB–rare

85
Q

pumps can deliver meds

A

epidural, transdermal, subcutanious

86
Q

in addition to drug approval, the FDA

A

reviews evidence for safety and efficacy of drug through postmarketing surveillance–

87
Q

New drug application filed

A

for ordinary clincal use, after completion of phase III clincal trials

88
Q

phase I drug trials

A

establish safety/ pharmacokinetics on healthies

89
Q

Phase II drug trials

A

establish efficacy and dose on diseased ppl

90
Q

Phase III drug trials

A

verify efficacy on large population of diseased ppl

91
Q

Phase IV drug trials

A

postmarketing surveillance

92
Q

generic drugs available

A

20 years after IND applicaiton

93
Q

highest cause of liver failure

A

tylenol – toxic metabolite builds up in liver

94
Q

Pregnancy categoriy A drug

A

controlled studies show no risk

95
Q

Pregnancy category B drugs

A

no evidence of risk in humnas; the chance of fetal harm is remote

96
Q

Preg Cat C drugs

A

Risk not exclueded. Adequate studies lacking. chance of fetal harm but benefits outweigh risks.

97
Q

Preg Cat D drugs

A

positive evidence or risk. studies in humans show fetal risk. potential benefit in pregnant women may outweigh risk.

98
Q

Preg Cat X drugs

A

Contraindicated–shouldn’t be used

99
Q

controlled substance schedules from abuse potential –>low potential

A

C-I –> C-V

100
Q

high abuse no clinical application

A

C-I

101
Q

high abuse w/ clinical application

A

C-II

102
Q

less potential for abuse w/ clinical application

A

C-III

103
Q

low abuse potential as related to C-III

A

C-IV

104
Q

lowest abuse potential w/ clinical appliaction

A

C-V – some OTC, but not all

105
Q

will be a test Q on conversion in metric

A

1 kg = 2.2 lbs – for pt weight

1 tsp = 5 mL

106
Q

kg –> g –> mg –> mcg

A

*

107
Q

3 part solution =

A

3% of X in solution

108
Q

1 mg =

A

1000 mcg

Fundies First Module--First Exam (13 decks)

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