Cell Structure Flashcards
1
Q
series of molecules that extend outside of cell
A
glycocalyx
2
Q
glycocalyx
A
complex in eukaryotes
slime layer or capsule in procaryotes
3
Q
glycocalyx
A
integral to immune system–ABO blood system–bacterial capsule makes harder to kill
4
Q
procaryote cell wall
A
chemically complex
5
Q
eukaryotic cell wall
A
if present–chemically simple
6
Q
Ribosomes
A
prokaryotic= s70
eukaryotic- s80
7
Q
eukaryotic plasma membrane
A
embedded sterols/carbohydrates serve as receptors
8
Q
prokaryotic plasma membrane
A
no carbs & generally lack sterols
9
Q
Smooth ER production
A
lipids
10
Q
Golgi apparatus function
A
post-translational protein modification and packaging
11
Q
Sodium concentrations
A
142 mEq/I extracell
10 intracell
12
Q
Potassium concentrations
A
4 extracell
160 intracell
Traumatic damage to muscles (auto accident) will release large amounts of K+ into blood thus leading to cardiac arrhythmia’s–rhabdomyolysis
13
Q
Chloride concentrations
A
103 extracell
2 intracell
14
Q
Bicarbonate HCO3-
A
27 extracell
8 intracell
15
Q
Differences in ion concentrations
A
due to cell membrane pumps
16
Q
proteins associated with inside or outside of plasma membrane
A
peripheral proteins
17
Q
transmembrane cell proteins
A
integral proteins
18
Q
peripheral proteins:
A
glycoproteins (glycocalyx)
19
Q
cholesterol
A
embedded in plasma membrane–makes lipid bilayer stonger
20
Q
drugs speed of action depends on
A
lipid solubility
21
Q
Have difficulties crossing plasma membrane
A
polar substances–aside from water
22
Q
Glycocalyx functions:
A
- Molecular signaling/ ID
- Cell adhesion
- hydrophilic portion attracts fluid to surgace of cell–helps cells from drying out
23
Q
Driving force for diffusion–leading to diffusion coefficient
A
- electrochemical gradients
- permeability of membrane (partition coefficient)
- how much surface area/ membrane thickness
24
Q
Which diffusion factor leads to lack of O2 exchange in emphysema
A
Lower surface area–treatment is to increase O2 concentration (up from normal 20% conc.) to achieve balance
25
partition coefficient
determined by comparing the solubility of a solute in oil vs. water
26
Surgery on obese individuals
bariatric surgery--used to remove part of small intestines--pt would lose weight--less surface area for nutrient absorption
27
faster diffusion method
facilitated diffusion over unfacilitated
28
Move large things into cell
vacicular transport--endocytosis vs. exocytosis
29
Individual molecules get across a membrane
1. simple diffusion/ passive
2. facilitated diffusion
3. active transport (primary and secondary transport)
30
solutes move in same direction
cotransporter or symporter (Na/glucose pump)
31
solutes move in opposite directions
countertransporter or antiporter (Na/Ca ATPase)
32
concentration of osmotically active particles in solution osmoles/kg of H2O
osmolality
| vs. osmolarity (mili-osmoles/liter)
33
osmosis =
WATER--much faster than diffusion
34
something dissolved in H2O
solute
35
normal osmotic pressure of cell--
isotonic
36
solution with HIGHER concentration of solutes than the cell--may cause crenation of cell (shriveled)
hypertonic--refers to the solution bathing cells as compared to normal extracellular fluid (295 osmols) ion concentration
37
Solution with LOWER concentration of solutes than cell--
Hypotonic--H2O enters cell faster than exiting--hemolysis of cell
38
use of blood vessel wall systemically as a "membrane"--mainly capillary walls
oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure
39
Albumin
made in liver--an important contributor to oncotic pressure. Globular protein--low serum albumin levels will cause edema
40
For cerebral swelling after impact
raise serum albumin artificaillly (manitol) to suck the water out of their brain
41
Manitol
large sugar molecule that can't leave vascular system--used to draw water from ECF--used for brain swelling--Hypertonic solution to shrink neurons
42
oncotic pressure
pressure across a blood vessel
43
standard resting membrane potential for excitable tissue (nervous, muscle)
65-80 mv--each ion has its own membrane potential
44
period between depolarization and repolarization
Absolute refractory period--another action potential not possible--allows for one-way AP propagation
45
Period of hyperpolarization
relative refractory period--would need much stronger stimulus to achieve AP
46
dull ache
carried by C fibers--unmyelinated fibers
47
lidocaine
antagonizes Na channels so can't send AP's -- no depolarization of nerves--diffusion through tissue--wears off after local/ liver metabolism and wider diffusion=pain
48
Methods for getting rid of excess neurotransmitter
1. diffusion
2. chemical degredation
3. pre-synaptic reuptake
49
Ways to effect neurotransmission
1. exhaust neurotransmitters
2. degradate synaptic cleft neurotrans chemical (oxidase) i.e. acetalcolenesterase
3. antagonis/ agonist
4. reuptake inhibition
50
Autoimmune disease--body breaks down post-synaptic neuromuscular ACh receptors
Myasthenia Gravis--treatment: ACh esterase inhibitor leaves more ACh in synaptic cleft leading to muscle cell summation
51
^E1 --no time-- ^E1
Temporal summation
52
^E1 --time-- ^E2
Spatial summation
53
Open chloride channels
IPSP
54
neurotransmitters all excitatory except:
GABA and glycine
55
tyrosine
precursor to epi and norepi
56
Glycolysis
2 ATP produced
57
Citric acid cycle/ Krebs--aerobic respiration
38 ATP produced/ gram of glucose
58
hypoxic environment
ex. muscle cells and neurons can handle highly divergent amounts of time in this state
59
protein channels for the purpose of communication
gap junction
60
Cell releases chemical that affects cells nearby
paracrine
61
G-protein coupled receptor
7 trans-membrane loops
62
G-protein activates
adenylyl cyclase --> cAMP
63
modification of actions on a nuclear level involving mitosis/cell growth/ cellular transformation
Tyrosine-kinase TyrKc--hormone signaling system
| 7 trans-membrane sections
64
Most abundant second messengers
IP3
| cAMP
65
the dynamic physiologic adjustments to changing environmental conditions at level of physiologic systems
adaptation i.e. weight lifting leads to larger muscle cells--not more cells vs. atrophy
66
degeneration of peripheral nerve
may lead to muscle atrophy
67
atrophy vs
hypertrophy--increase in size of cells. i.e. pathologic: cardiac hypertrophy--very thick walls due to increased heart challenge i.e. from hypertension
68
atrophy
loss of cell MASS not number. i.e. loss of cellular villa of intestines
69
increase in number of cells
hyperplasia
70
abnormal changes in size, shape, organization of mature cells
dysplasia--often found near cancer cells and mostly reversible--HARBINGER of CANCER
71
Replacement of one cell type by another type
metaplasia--ex. squamous cells replace columnar epithelium in trachea of smokers
72
cell injury/ death usually due to
cellular hypoxia-->decreased cellular energy (ATP) --> impairment of ATP powered ion pumps --> cell/ mitochondria swell, metabolic byproducts accumulate, pH decreases, lysosomes rupture --> in bad cases: cell death --> necrosis
73
Ex. deletion of cells during normal embryonic development
apoptosis
74
injurious molecules due to an unpaired electron--rxn with other molecules--can donate or accept an electron
free radical--may damage DNA
| Vitamins: E, C scavenge for free radicals (antioxydants)
75
Ex. infected, malignant and premalignant "spontaneous" cell death
apoptosis
76
tyrosine kinase
important sub-cellular that may be trigger and may be clinically important
77
serum albumin
nephrotic syndrom --> urinate serum albumin all out
"puffiness" because not enough albumin to draw water out of tissue
78
albumin
globular protein. Primary component of blood plasma--binds water, cations, fatty acids, hormones, billirumen
79
symport/ cotransport
secondary active transport
80
One or more solute moves against gradient
Active mediated transport aka active transport
81
Solutes move with grade tbrough CHANNEL
Passive mediated diffusion aka facilitated diffusion
82
Energy cost is directly at pump-- na/k pump
Primary active transport
83
Energy cost to move solute against grade is indirect-- I.e anti porters
Secondary active transport
84
Force of water wanting to move to lower h2o concentration or higher solute concentration
Osmotic pressure
85
Hypo albuminemic states
Cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome
86
The diffusion coefficient involves
The structure of the solute crossing the membrane
87
^ partition coefficient
^er the solubility in oil-- easier to move across membrane
88
Lower the partition coefficient
Lower the solubility in oil-- > harder to diffuse across lipid bilayer
89
When bet diffusion stops due to equal concentrations on either side
Equilibrium potential
90
AP sequence
```
Threshold
Depolarization
Peak
Repol
Absolute refractory
Relative refractory
```
91
Imp 2nd messenger HORMONE signaling system-- modifies actions on nuclear level
Tyrosine-kinase tyrKc
92
2nd messengers
```
Phospholipase A2
Nitric oxide
CGMP
cAMP
Ca
```
