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Fundies First Module--First Exam > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

series of molecules that extend outside of cell

A

glycocalyx

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2
Q

glycocalyx

A

complex in eukaryotes

slime layer or capsule in procaryotes

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3
Q

glycocalyx

A

integral to immune system–ABO blood system–bacterial capsule makes harder to kill

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4
Q

procaryote cell wall

A

chemically complex

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5
Q

eukaryotic cell wall

A

if present–chemically simple

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6
Q

Ribosomes

A

prokaryotic= s70

eukaryotic- s80

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7
Q

eukaryotic plasma membrane

A

embedded sterols/carbohydrates serve as receptors

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8
Q

prokaryotic plasma membrane

A

no carbs & generally lack sterols

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9
Q

Smooth ER production

A

lipids

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10
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

post-translational protein modification and packaging

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11
Q

Sodium concentrations

A

142 mEq/I extracell

10 intracell

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12
Q

Potassium concentrations

A

4 extracell
160 intracell
Traumatic damage to muscles (auto accident) will release large amounts of K+ into blood thus leading to cardiac arrhythmia’s–rhabdomyolysis

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13
Q

Chloride concentrations

A

103 extracell

2 intracell

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14
Q

Bicarbonate HCO3-

A

27 extracell

8 intracell

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15
Q

Differences in ion concentrations

A

due to cell membrane pumps

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16
Q

proteins associated with inside or outside of plasma membrane

A

peripheral proteins

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17
Q

transmembrane cell proteins

A

integral proteins

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18
Q

peripheral proteins:

A

glycoproteins (glycocalyx)

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19
Q

cholesterol

A

embedded in plasma membrane–makes lipid bilayer stonger

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20
Q

drugs speed of action depends on

A

lipid solubility

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21
Q

Have difficulties crossing plasma membrane

A

polar substances–aside from water

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22
Q

Glycocalyx functions:

A
  1. Molecular signaling/ ID
  2. Cell adhesion
  3. hydrophilic portion attracts fluid to surgace of cell–helps cells from drying out
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23
Q

Driving force for diffusion–leading to diffusion coefficient

A
  1. electrochemical gradients
  2. permeability of membrane (partition coefficient)
  3. how much surface area/ membrane thickness
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24
Q

Which diffusion factor leads to lack of O2 exchange in emphysema

A

Lower surface area–treatment is to increase O2 concentration (up from normal 20% conc.) to achieve balance

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25
Q

partition coefficient

A

determined by comparing the solubility of a solute in oil vs. water

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26
Q

Surgery on obese individuals

A

bariatric surgery–used to remove part of small intestines–pt would lose weight–less surface area for nutrient absorption

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27
Q

faster diffusion method

A

facilitated diffusion over unfacilitated

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28
Q

Move large things into cell

A

vacicular transport–endocytosis vs. exocytosis

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29
Q

Individual molecules get across a membrane

A
  1. simple diffusion/ passive
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. active transport (primary and secondary transport)
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30
Q

solutes move in same direction

A

cotransporter or symporter (Na/glucose pump)

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31
Q

solutes move in opposite directions

A

countertransporter or antiporter (Na/Ca ATPase)

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32
Q

concentration of osmotically active particles in solution osmoles/kg of H2O

A

osmolality

vs. osmolarity (mili-osmoles/liter)

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33
Q

osmosis =

A

WATER–much faster than diffusion

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34
Q

something dissolved in H2O

A

solute

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35
Q

normal osmotic pressure of cell–

A

isotonic

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36
Q

solution with HIGHER concentration of solutes than the cell–may cause crenation of cell (shriveled)

A

hypertonic–refers to the solution bathing cells as compared to normal extracellular fluid (295 osmols) ion concentration

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37
Q

Solution with LOWER concentration of solutes than cell–

A

Hypotonic–H2O enters cell faster than exiting–hemolysis of cell

38
Q

use of blood vessel wall systemically as a “membrane”–mainly capillary walls

A

oncotic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure

39
Q

Albumin

A

made in liver–an important contributor to oncotic pressure. Globular protein–low serum albumin levels will cause edema

40
Q

For cerebral swelling after impact

A

raise serum albumin artificaillly (manitol) to suck the water out of their brain

41
Q

Manitol

A

large sugar molecule that can’t leave vascular system–used to draw water from ECF–used for brain swelling–Hypertonic solution to shrink neurons

42
Q

oncotic pressure

A

pressure across a blood vessel

43
Q

standard resting membrane potential for excitable tissue (nervous, muscle)

A

65-80 mv–each ion has its own membrane potential

44
Q

period between depolarization and repolarization

A

Absolute refractory period–another action potential not possible–allows for one-way AP propagation

45
Q

Period of hyperpolarization

A

relative refractory period–would need much stronger stimulus to achieve AP

46
Q

dull ache

A

carried by C fibers–unmyelinated fibers

47
Q

lidocaine

A

antagonizes Na channels so can’t send AP’s – no depolarization of nerves–diffusion through tissue–wears off after local/ liver metabolism and wider diffusion=pain

48
Q

Methods for getting rid of excess neurotransmitter

A
  1. diffusion
  2. chemical degredation
  3. pre-synaptic reuptake
49
Q

Ways to effect neurotransmission

A
  1. exhaust neurotransmitters
  2. degradate synaptic cleft neurotrans chemical (oxidase) i.e. acetalcolenesterase
  3. antagonis/ agonist
  4. reuptake inhibition
50
Q

Autoimmune disease–body breaks down post-synaptic neuromuscular ACh receptors

A

Myasthenia Gravis–treatment: ACh esterase inhibitor leaves more ACh in synaptic cleft leading to muscle cell summation

51
Q

^E1 –no time– ^E1

A

Temporal summation

52
Q

^E1 –time– ^E2

A

Spatial summation

53
Q

Open chloride channels

A

IPSP

54
Q

neurotransmitters all excitatory except:

A

GABA and glycine

55
Q

tyrosine

A

precursor to epi and norepi

56
Q

Glycolysis

A

2 ATP produced

57
Q

Citric acid cycle/ Krebs–aerobic respiration

A

38 ATP produced/ gram of glucose

58
Q

hypoxic environment

A

ex. muscle cells and neurons can handle highly divergent amounts of time in this state

59
Q

protein channels for the purpose of communication

A

gap junction

60
Q

Cell releases chemical that affects cells nearby

A

paracrine

61
Q

G-protein coupled receptor

A

7 trans-membrane loops

62
Q

G-protein activates

A

adenylyl cyclase –> cAMP

63
Q

modification of actions on a nuclear level involving mitosis/cell growth/ cellular transformation

A

Tyrosine-kinase TyrKc–hormone signaling system

7 trans-membrane sections

64
Q

Most abundant second messengers

A

IP3

cAMP

65
Q

the dynamic physiologic adjustments to changing environmental conditions at level of physiologic systems

A

adaptation i.e. weight lifting leads to larger muscle cells–not more cells vs. atrophy

66
Q

degeneration of peripheral nerve

A

may lead to muscle atrophy

67
Q

atrophy vs

A

hypertrophy–increase in size of cells. i.e. pathologic: cardiac hypertrophy–very thick walls due to increased heart challenge i.e. from hypertension

68
Q

atrophy

A

loss of cell MASS not number. i.e. loss of cellular villa of intestines

69
Q

increase in number of cells

A

hyperplasia

70
Q

abnormal changes in size, shape, organization of mature cells

A

dysplasia–often found near cancer cells and mostly reversible–HARBINGER of CANCER

71
Q

Replacement of one cell type by another type

A

metaplasia–ex. squamous cells replace columnar epithelium in trachea of smokers

72
Q

cell injury/ death usually due to

A

cellular hypoxia–>decreased cellular energy (ATP) –> impairment of ATP powered ion pumps –> cell/ mitochondria swell, metabolic byproducts accumulate, pH decreases, lysosomes rupture –> in bad cases: cell death –> necrosis

73
Q

Ex. deletion of cells during normal embryonic development

A

apoptosis

74
Q

injurious molecules due to an unpaired electron–rxn with other molecules–can donate or accept an electron

A

free radical–may damage DNA

Vitamins: E, C scavenge for free radicals (antioxydants)

75
Q

Ex. infected, malignant and premalignant “spontaneous” cell death

A

apoptosis

76
Q

tyrosine kinase

A

important sub-cellular that may be trigger and may be clinically important

77
Q

serum albumin

A

nephrotic syndrom –> urinate serum albumin all out

“puffiness” because not enough albumin to draw water out of tissue

78
Q

albumin

A

globular protein. Primary component of blood plasma–binds water, cations, fatty acids, hormones, billirumen

79
Q

symport/ cotransport

A

secondary active transport

80
Q

One or more solute moves against gradient

A

Active mediated transport aka active transport

81
Q

Solutes move with grade tbrough CHANNEL

A

Passive mediated diffusion aka facilitated diffusion

82
Q

Energy cost is directly at pump– na/k pump

A

Primary active transport

83
Q

Energy cost to move solute against grade is indirect– I.e anti porters

A

Secondary active transport

84
Q

Force of water wanting to move to lower h2o concentration or higher solute concentration

A

Osmotic pressure

85
Q

Hypo albuminemic states

A

Cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome

86
Q

The diffusion coefficient involves

A

The structure of the solute crossing the membrane

87
Q

^ partition coefficient

A

^er the solubility in oil– easier to move across membrane

88
Q

Lower the partition coefficient

A

Lower the solubility in oil– > harder to diffuse across lipid bilayer

89
Q

When bet diffusion stops due to equal concentrations on either side

A

Equilibrium potential

90
Q

AP sequence

A 
Threshold
Depolarization
Peak
Repol
Absolute refractory
Relative refractory
91
Q

Imp 2nd messenger HORMONE signaling system– modifies actions on nuclear level

A

Tyrosine-kinase tyrKc

92
Q

2nd messengers

A 
Phospholipase A2
Nitric oxide
CGMP
cAMP
Ca

Fundies First Module--First Exam (13 decks)

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