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BRS > Respiration - ventiliation and gas exchange > Flashcards

Respiration - ventiliation and gas exchange Flashcards

1
Q

What is hypervenitlation?

A

excessive ventiatioic atop of metabolic demand

so reduced pressure CO2 and alkalosis

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2
Q

Label this graph of lung volume changes

A
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3
Q

what is tidal volume?

A

normal air in and out

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4
Q

What is inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume?

A

in - extra amount you could get

ex - the air left in your lungs, to hold lung strucutre

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5
Q

What is vital capacity and total lung capacity?

A
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6
Q

What is functional residual capactiy?

A

everything below our default position

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7
Q

what is inspiratory capacity?

A

amount of air from default position i.e relaxed state of our lungs

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8
Q

How do you calculate minute ventilation (L/minute)?

gas entering and leabing lungs

A

tidal volume x breathing frequenecy

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9
Q

What is alveolar ventialiation?

A

the air entering and leaving Leaving alveoli

(tidal volume - dead space) x breathing freq

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10
Q

factors affect lung volumes and capaicty

A

body size - e.g overweight doesn’t mean have bigger lungs mainly height

sex - gentically men larger lung volume and total capacity

disease - break down tissues, can go up and down

age

fitness- larger volume

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11
Q

what is conducting zone?

A

small volume, anatomical dead space

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12
Q

What is non-perfused parenchyma?

A

alveoli without blood, no gas exhcange

aveolar dead space

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13
Q

What is the physiological dead space made of?

A

non-perfused parenchyma

and conducting zone

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14
Q

what is respiration zone?

A

gas exhange

alveolar ventilation

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15
Q

What can increase dead space?

A

anaethetic circuit snorkerlling

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16
Q

What can decrease dead space?

A

tracheostomy - take out trachea

cricothyrocotomy

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17
Q

What tendency do lungs and chest wall ahve?

A

chest wall - spring out

lung - recoid inwards

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18
Q

What is the functional residnaul capacity?

A

eqilirum at end- tidal expiration

between chest recoil and lung recoil

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19
Q

How do you change this balance?

A

inspiratioru muscles combing with chest recoil, outwarsds

expiratory combine with lung to inwards

distort eqlibirum

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20
Q

What is lung surroned by?

A

visceral pleural membrane

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21
Q

What is the inner surface of chest wall covered by?

A

parietal pleural membrane

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22
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

What is improant about it?

A

fixed volume and contains protien rich pleural fluid

23
Q

What could intrapleural bleeding and pneumothorax do?

A

bleed- prevent ability to breathe

perforated wall - puncture causes air to be sucked in and lung collapse

24
Q

What are 2 ways of air perssure flow? i.e how do we get air into lungs

A

from HIGH to LOW

-ve perssure: alveoli p lower than atm, so sucks in air

+ve: incrase pressure in atm higher than alveoli causing air in

25
Q

What pressure gradient is normal?

A

usaully negative

26
Q

Which one is abnormal?

A

Positive - mechnaical ventiliator, CPR, fihgter pilots - situations lung muscles aren’t able to produce -ve pressure

27
Q

What is transmural pressure? 3x one is most importnat for us

A

pressure between 2 areas

28
Q

How do you calculate PRS?

transrespiratory system pressure

A

P alveoli - P atm

when -ve air into lung, INSPIRATION

when +ve expiration, EXPIRATION

29
Q

What muscles cause inspiration?

A

diaphram - pulling force one direction MAIN ONE

other respiratiory muscles - upwards and outwards

30
Q

What is dalton law?

A

gas mixture= sum of partial pressure

31
Q

What is ficks law?

A

things that increase diffusion i.e gradient, surface area, diffusion capacity of gas and thickness of exhcange suraface

32
Q

What is henry law?

A

how easily gas is to dissolve,

amount of gas that dissolves in liquid, is proportional to partial pressure of gas in eqil with that lqiuid

33
Q

What is Boyle law?

A

volume is inversly proportional to pressure of gas

34
Q

What is charles law?

A

volume of gas proportional to temperaute

35
Q

Disucess how air changes in pressure for O2 CO2 and H20 as goes in airways?

A

conducting - saturate air to protect, hydrates

respiration - oxygen diluated as air already in airways, same reason for C02

36
Q

What is important about afinity of oxygen to Hb?

A

more oxygen, easier to bind, as conformation changes

and there is space in middle of 2,3-DPG that faccilates unloading

COOPERATIVE

37
Q

What a protien called when it changes shape when it is bound or unbound?

A

ALLOSTERIC behaviour

38
Q

What is important factor to take into account when thinking about oxygen saturation?

A

HOW MUCh HAEMAGLOBIN IS THERE

39
Q

How does oxygen dissocation shift right?

A

allows easily release of O2 at tissues

40
Q

How does oxygen dissocation shift left?

A
41
Q

How does oxygen dissocation DOWNWARD shift?

A

anemia, impaired oxygen

42
Q

What affect does CO have on oxygen dissociation curve?

A

DOWNWARD AND LEFT

decreased capcaity but increased affintity (so O2 help on harder) and exercsie abiltiy is decrease

43
Q

What effect does featal haemaglobin have?

A

greater affinity for oxygen than adult, extract oxygen from mothers

44
Q

What effect does myoglonin have oxygen dissoation curve?

A

in muscles, local storage so high affinity

45
Q

HOW DO you read oxygen dissociation curve and changes?

SO forget partial pressure i.e X axis, that cant be changed

it shows where place is i.e high pressure of 02 is in pulmonary where also has high saturation

shift left - means at each level more affinitty and amount of 02

shift right - means less afinity, easier to ofload

dwon shift- less variability between puloomnary and veins

A
46
Q

How does C02 get loaded onto blood from cells?

A
47
Q

Where does most of C02 go tho

A
48
Q

What happens to carbonic acid produced by C02?

A
49
Q

Can C02 also bind to haemo?

A

Yes

50
Q

What changes in blood after transport of C02?

A

most important one pH

and C02 influx is different to 02 DUE TO WATER

51
Q

How long are RBC in trasnit time for gas exchange?

what different for C02 than 02?

A

CO2 faster exchange than 02

52
Q

How overall is C02 transported

A

most of it Enters RBC converted to carbonic acid

SO MOST is bicarbonate in the blood

and also bind to amine group of haemaglobin

and haemaglobin buffers the H+

53
Q

Why is C02 changes in blood different to amount of change in 02?

A

Because have H20 as a metabolic waste

BRS (19 decks)

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