Respiration - ventiliation and gas exchange Flashcards
What is hypervenitlation?
excessive ventiatioic atop of metabolic demand
so reduced pressure CO2 and alkalosis
Label this graph of lung volume changes
what is tidal volume?
normal air in and out
What is inspiratory and expiratory reserve volume?
in - extra amount you could get
ex - the air left in your lungs, to hold lung strucutre
What is vital capacity and total lung capacity?
What is functional residual capactiy?
everything below our default position
what is inspiratory capacity?
amount of air from default position i.e relaxed state of our lungs
How do you calculate minute ventilation (L/minute)?
gas entering and leabing lungs
tidal volume x breathing frequenecy
What is alveolar ventialiation?
the air entering and leaving Leaving alveoli
(tidal volume - dead space) x breathing freq
factors affect lung volumes and capaicty
body size - e.g overweight doesn’t mean have bigger lungs mainly height
sex - gentically men larger lung volume and total capacity
disease - break down tissues, can go up and down
age
fitness- larger volume
what is conducting zone?
small volume, anatomical dead space
What is non-perfused parenchyma?
alveoli without blood, no gas exhcange
aveolar dead space
What is the physiological dead space made of?
non-perfused parenchyma
and conducting zone
what is respiration zone?
gas exhange
alveolar ventilation
What can increase dead space?
anaethetic circuit snorkerlling
What can decrease dead space?
tracheostomy - take out trachea
cricothyrocotomy
What tendency do lungs and chest wall ahve?
chest wall - spring out
lung - recoid inwards
What is the functional residnaul capacity?
eqilirum at end- tidal expiration
between chest recoil and lung recoil
How do you change this balance?
inspiratioru muscles combing with chest recoil, outwarsds
expiratory combine with lung to inwards
distort eqlibirum
What is lung surroned by?
visceral pleural membrane
What is the inner surface of chest wall covered by?
parietal pleural membrane
What is the pleural cavity?
What is improant about it?
fixed volume and contains protien rich pleural fluid
What could intrapleural bleeding and pneumothorax do?
bleed- prevent ability to breathe
perforated wall - puncture causes air to be sucked in and lung collapse
What are 2 ways of air perssure flow? i.e how do we get air into lungs
from HIGH to LOW
-ve perssure: alveoli p lower than atm, so sucks in air
+ve: incrase pressure in atm higher than alveoli causing air in
What pressure gradient is normal?
usaully negative
Which one is abnormal?
Positive - mechnaical ventiliator, CPR, fihgter pilots - situations lung muscles aren’t able to produce -ve pressure
What is transmural pressure? 3x one is most importnat for us
pressure between 2 areas
How do you calculate PRS?
transrespiratory system pressure
P alveoli - P atm
when -ve air into lung, INSPIRATION
when +ve expiration, EXPIRATION
What muscles cause inspiration?
diaphram - pulling force one direction MAIN ONE
other respiratiory muscles - upwards and outwards
What is dalton law?
gas mixture= sum of partial pressure
What is ficks law?
things that increase diffusion i.e gradient, surface area, diffusion capacity of gas and thickness of exhcange suraface
What is henry law?
how easily gas is to dissolve,
amount of gas that dissolves in liquid, is proportional to partial pressure of gas in eqil with that lqiuid
What is Boyle law?
volume is inversly proportional to pressure of gas
What is charles law?
volume of gas proportional to temperaute
Disucess how air changes in pressure for O2 CO2 and H20 as goes in airways?
conducting - saturate air to protect, hydrates
respiration - oxygen diluated as air already in airways, same reason for C02
What is important about afinity of oxygen to Hb?
more oxygen, easier to bind, as conformation changes
and there is space in middle of 2,3-DPG that faccilates unloading
COOPERATIVE
What a protien called when it changes shape when it is bound or unbound?
ALLOSTERIC behaviour
What is important factor to take into account when thinking about oxygen saturation?
HOW MUCh HAEMAGLOBIN IS THERE
How does oxygen dissocation shift right?
allows easily release of O2 at tissues
How does oxygen dissocation shift left?
How does oxygen dissocation DOWNWARD shift?
anemia, impaired oxygen
What affect does CO have on oxygen dissociation curve?
DOWNWARD AND LEFT
decreased capcaity but increased affintity (so O2 help on harder) and exercsie abiltiy is decrease
What effect does featal haemaglobin have?
greater affinity for oxygen than adult, extract oxygen from mothers
What effect does myoglonin have oxygen dissoation curve?
in muscles, local storage so high affinity
HOW DO you read oxygen dissociation curve and changes?
SO forget partial pressure i.e X axis, that cant be changed
it shows where place is i.e high pressure of 02 is in pulmonary where also has high saturation
shift left - means at each level more affinitty and amount of 02
shift right - means less afinity, easier to ofload
dwon shift- less variability between puloomnary and veins
How does C02 get loaded onto blood from cells?
Where does most of C02 go tho
What happens to carbonic acid produced by C02?
Can C02 also bind to haemo?
Yes
What changes in blood after transport of C02?
most important one pH
and C02 influx is different to 02 DUE TO WATER
How long are RBC in trasnit time for gas exchange?
what different for C02 than 02?
CO2 faster exchange than 02
How overall is C02 transported
most of it Enters RBC converted to carbonic acid
SO MOST is bicarbonate in the blood
and also bind to amine group of haemaglobin
and haemaglobin buffers the H+
Why is C02 changes in blood different to amount of change in 02?
Because have H20 as a metabolic waste
