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BRS > Endocrinology - introduction to bones > Flashcards

Endocrinology - introduction to bones Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up main components of musculoskeletal system?

A

muscle, bone skeleton

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2
Q

What are 3 parts of connective tissue ?

What are their function?

A

tendon - joins muscle to bone

ligaments - connect bone to bone

cartilage - structural support, protect tissues, attachment sites

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3
Q

What are 2 types of bones?

A

Flat and long bones

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4
Q

What are 5 functions of skeleton?

A

Support, protection, movement, storage of Ca and phosphate, produce blood cells

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5
Q

How do you produce each bone type?

A

Flat - intramembranous mesenchymal cells converted into bone

long - endochondral mesenchymal to cartilage to bone

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6
Q

What is the process to produce flat bones called?

A

intranmembranous ossification

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7
Q

What is process of IO?

A

mesenchymal cells in connective tiusse condense and differintate into osteoblasts

they secrete oestoid that causes osteblasts to bcome oestocytes

ossification centre fuse together to form trabecular matrix (SPONGY BONE)

on outer surface mesenchyma cells fuse togehter stongly to form periosteum

then compact bone develops on outside of cancellous (spongy) bone. And crowded blood vells condense into red bone marrow

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gh6J2CHR_q4

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8
Q

What is the process to form long bones?

A

Endochondral ossification

development of long bone from hyaline cartilage model

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9
Q

1st Stepsof endochondral ossification?

A

1st - formation of collar bone by invading of blood vessles that cause osteoblast to be formed and release bone matrix

(this area of activity called primar oesification centre)

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10
Q

2nd Stepsof endochondral ossification?

A

cavitation - chondryctes enlarge + send signal for cartilage to calicfy

causes matrix to become impermable to nurtients and die + central clearing

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11
Q

3rd step of EO?

A

periosteal bud invasion- invades cavity and causes spongy bone to be made also delivers osteoclasts(remove cartilage) and blasts (produce spongy bone)

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12
Q

4th step of EO?

A

diaphysis (primary ossification centre) - enlarging mainly spongy bone

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13
Q

5th step of EO?

A

secondary ossification centres epihpyseal forms and only start to ossidify after birth

cartilage only remains at bone surface and at epiphyseal plates

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14
Q

what are bones made up of?

A

matrix and cells

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15
Q

What cells are bone stem cells?

A

osteogenic cell

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16
Q

What are osteoblasts and where are they found?

A

bone forming cells, secrete osteoid

cause minerealisiation of oesteoid

Found in growing portions of bone such as periosteum and endosteum

17
Q

What are osteocytes and where are they found?

A

matyre bone cells, when osteoblasts imbedded in its secretions.

senses strain to direct osteoblast/clast activity

found entrappped in matrix

18
Q

What are osteoclasts and where are they found

A

bone breaking, dissolve bone by phagocytsosis, derived from bone marrow

found: bone surfaces and sires of old injured or unneeded bone

19
Q

What makes up bone matrix?

A

Organic components - T1 collagon, ground substace like proteoglycans and glycoproteins and cytokines

inorganic component - calcium hydroxyapatite, osteocalcium phosphate

20
Q

What are types of bone?

A

immature - first bone layed down and in woven manner quite weak. becomes replaced by mature

mature bone - mineralized woven bone, lamellar (layer) structure - v strong

21
Q

2 types of mature bone?

A
  • cortical/lamellar, compact and strong
  • cancellous/spongy - honeycomb strucutre, not suitable for weight baring activity
22
Q

How doe cortical and cancellous present in bones of body?

A

cortical - shell on outside, the unit of one is osteon

23
Q

How is cortical bone organized?

A

repeated units of ‘osteons’

lamellae around a ‘haversian central’ - contains blood, vien and nerve

lacunae - small spaces containing osteocytes, tiny canaliculi radiate from lacunae filled with EC fluid

volkmans canal - transverse perforating canals

24
Q

Label diagram

A

periosteum - connective covering

outer cortex - compact bone

medullary cavity - yellow bone marryow

articular cartilage - surface of bone at joints

25
Q

What is the growth plate in long bones?

A

physeal bone plate

26
Q

What are 2 types of bone growth?

A

insterstital - long bones only and increase in lnegth

appositonal - mainly children and increase thickness and diameter

27
Q

How do long bones grow? (intersititial)

A

physeal plate, that normally has hylaine cartilage

epiphyseal side - hyaline cartilage divide form hyaline cartilage matrix

diaphyseal side - cartilage calcifies and dies replaced by bone

28
Q

What is mechanism of appositional growth?

A

deposition of bone beneath periosteum to increase thickness

29
Q

Steps of appositional growth?

A
  1. ridges in periosteum creates groove for periosteal blood vessel
  2. ridges fuse and form endosteum lined tunnel
  3. osteoblasts in endosteum build new lamellae towards centre of tunnel new osten
  4. bone grow outwards as osteoblasts in peristeum build new lamellae. osteon formationrepeated as new periosteal ridges.
30
Q

What are 3 types of joints?

A

Fibrous joints (also sutures) are joints in which bones are joined by dense connective tissue.The joints between bones of the cranium

Cartilaginous joints are joints in which bones are joined by cartilage. (vertebrae in the spine)

Synovial joints are characterized by a fluid-filled space, called a synovial cavity, between the bones of the joints.

31
Q

What are the joints that come under synovial joint?

A
32
Q

Which joint is most common and mobile?

A

Synovial joint

33
Q

What is structure of joint capsule?

A

articular capsule (outer) that keeps bones togehter

synovial membrane(cavity) - contains synovial fuild

secreted by synovial lining

SF - reduce friction, high liubrication

34
Q

How are synovial joints stabilized?

A

By muscle/tendons

ligaments

bone surface conguirty

35
Q

How do ligaments stabilise a joint?

A

prevent excessive movement that damage to a joint

the more and tighter —-> greater stability + LESS mobility

(less stability more risk of dislocation)

36
Q

What ligaments laxity?

And how can it an affect

A

(usually natural) loose ligements

leads to hypermobility and greater risk of injury

37
Q

Factors affecting stability?

A

joint articular

joint capulse

ligaments

muscles

moblity

38
Q

Compare Hips Vs shoulder

A
39
Q
A

BRS (19 decks)

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