Respiration - structure and function of airway

Question 1

How is lungs adapted for its function?

Answer 1

airway - dichotomous braching

mecnahcnical stabiltiy - cartilage

Question 2

What is difference between type 1 and type 2 cell in alveioli?

Answer 2

T1 - very thin delicate barrier, facilitates gas exchange

T2 - replicate to replace T1 when damage

secrete surfactant - keep it open , antiproteases

xenobiotic metabolism - chemicals that could get into alveoli

Question 3

What other types of cells are in alveoli?

Answer 3

macrophages - get tid of stuff

fibroblast - produce matrix around alveioli

capillary endothelium - blood

Question 4

proptions of T1 and T2 on alveoli surface

Answer 4

less T1 cells but larger alveolar surface 95%

more T2 cells but smaller so 5%

Question 5

What alllows efficient gas exc and keep clear

Answer 5

mechanical stability - cartialge

control of calibre - smooth muscle

cleasesning and protection of inhaled air

Question 6

What is passageway for food, liquid and air?

Answer 6

pharynx

Question 7

What is function of conchae ( in nasal)?

Answer 7

• highly vascular, contribute to warming and humidification of nasal air

nasal hairs filter out large particles

Question 8

what is organisation of airway strucutres?

Answer 8

Question 9

How is mucose secreted and then controlled?

Answer 9

secreted by submucosal gland and goblet cell

gets beated by ciliated cell

mucos later on airway lumen

Question 10

What do goblet cells have?

Answer 10

mucin granules, highly condense form,

Question 11

What do cilia cells have a lot of?

Answer 11

mitocondria, to contiue pumping cilia

Question 12

What else do airway submucosal glands produce?

Answer 12

mucus cells secrete mucus

serous cells secrete antibacterial enzymes

glands secrete water and salts

Question 13

What is an acini?

Answer 13

sections of a airway submucosal gland

e.g mucous acini, serous acini

serous is distal to mucuous acini, at the end of alveoli

Question 14

how do ciliary move mucus?

Answer 14

have an axoneme, microtubules fingers, apical hooks.

Question 15

what is metecondrol?

Answer 15

the beat at which cilia beats

Question 16

What does airway epithelium produce?

Answer 16

mucins, water and electrolytes

and components of mucucs

movement of mucus by cilia

and physic barrier

and productiion of reg and inflam medicatiors

Question 17

which regulatory and inflammatory mediators are produced by airway epithelium?

Answer 17

nitric oxide

carbon monoxide

arachnoid acid metabolites

chemokines

cytokines

proteases

Question 18

What colours are produced when stain with anti-NOS antibody?

Answer 18

brown staining = nitric oxide synthase - produced nitric oxide

Question 19

What type of muscle cells are in airways?

Answer 19

smooth muscle cell

Question 20

Function of smooth airway muscle?

Answer 20

structure

tone - contract/relax

secretion - mediators/cytokines/chemokines (if no disease probably not secreting a lot)

inflammation lead to secretions

Question 21

What can cause smooth airway muscle hypertrophy?

Answer 21

asthma + increased secretions

Question 22

How could bacterial infection effect airway smooth muscle?

Answer 22

Question 23

What is airway vasculature called?

Answer 23

tracheo-bronchial circulation

Question 24

Where does blood come from?

Answer 24

aorta, intercostal arteries

Question 25

where does it leave by?

Answer 25

systemic veins e.g bronchial and pulmoonary viens

Question 26

What is function of tracheo-bronchial?

Answer 26

gas exhcange

warming blood

humdification of air

clears inhaled drugs

clears inflam mediatora

supplies airway lumen with inflam cells

supllies airway tissues with protienaceous plasma, leaks of out vessels to tissues

Question 27

How is airway controlled?

Answer 27

nerves - parasympatheric, sensory

reg and inflam mediators - histamine, cytokines, chemokines, arachidonic acid metabolistes

proteniases

reaactive gas species - nitric oxide

Question 28

How is airways contracted and relaxed?

Answer 28

contracted (e.g cough out peanutl)- parasymaptheric ACh motor

relaxation - (relax open airway) adrenanline and Nitric oxide

Question 29

examples of reg-inflam cells, mediator and effects?

Answer 29

Question 30

3 examples of resp disease?

Answer 30

asthma, COPD, CF