Respiration - structure and function of airway Flashcards
How is lungs adapted for its function?
airway - dichotomous braching
mecnahcnical stabiltiy - cartilage
What is difference between type 1 and type 2 cell in alveioli?
T1 - very thin delicate barrier, facilitates gas exchange
T2 - replicate to replace T1 when damage
secrete surfactant - keep it open , antiproteases
xenobiotic metabolism - chemicals that could get into alveoli
What other types of cells are in alveoli?
macrophages - get tid of stuff
fibroblast - produce matrix around alveioli
capillary endothelium - blood
proptions of T1 and T2 on alveoli surface
less T1 cells but larger alveolar surface 95%
more T2 cells but smaller so 5%
What alllows efficient gas exc and keep clear
mechanical stability - cartialge
control of calibre - smooth muscle
cleasesning and protection of inhaled air
What is passageway for food, liquid and air?
pharynx
What is function of conchae ( in nasal)?
- highly vascular, contribute to warming and humidification of nasal air
nasal hairs filter out large particles
what is organisation of airway strucutres?
How is mucose secreted and then controlled?
secreted by submucosal gland and goblet cell
gets beated by ciliated cell
mucos later on airway lumen
What do goblet cells have?
mucin granules, highly condense form,
What do cilia cells have a lot of?
mitocondria, to contiue pumping cilia
What else do airway submucosal glands produce?
mucus cells secrete mucus
serous cells secrete antibacterial enzymes
glands secrete water and salts
What is an acini?
sections of a airway submucosal gland
e.g mucous acini, serous acini
serous is distal to mucuous acini, at the end of alveoli
how do ciliary move mucus?
have an axoneme, microtubules fingers, apical hooks.
what is metecondrol?
the beat at which cilia beats
What does airway epithelium produce?
mucins, water and electrolytes
and components of mucucs
movement of mucus by cilia
and physic barrier
and productiion of reg and inflam medicatiors
which regulatory and inflammatory mediators are produced by airway epithelium?
nitric oxide
carbon monoxide
arachnoid acid metabolites
chemokines
cytokines
proteases
What colours are produced when stain with anti-NOS antibody?
brown staining = nitric oxide synthase - produced nitric oxide
What type of muscle cells are in airways?
smooth muscle cell
Function of smooth airway muscle?
structure
tone - contract/relax
secretion - mediators/cytokines/chemokines (if no disease probably not secreting a lot)
inflammation lead to secretions
What can cause smooth airway muscle hypertrophy?
asthma + increased secretions
How could bacterial infection effect airway smooth muscle?
What is airway vasculature called?
tracheo-bronchial circulation
Where does blood come from?
aorta, intercostal arteries
where does it leave by?
systemic veins e.g bronchial and pulmoonary viens
What is function of tracheo-bronchial?
gas exhcange
warming blood
humdification of air
clears inhaled drugs
clears inflam mediatora
supplies airway lumen with inflam cells
supllies airway tissues with protienaceous plasma, leaks of out vessels to tissues
How is airway controlled?
nerves - parasympatheric, sensory
reg and inflam mediators - histamine, cytokines, chemokines, arachidonic acid metabolistes
proteniases
reaactive gas species - nitric oxide
How is airways contracted and relaxed?
contracted (e.g cough out peanutl)- parasymaptheric ACh motor
relaxation - (relax open airway) adrenanline and Nitric oxide
examples of reg-inflam cells, mediator and effects?
3 examples of resp disease?
asthma, COPD, CF
