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BRS > Cardiology - cardiac cycle > Flashcards

Cardiology - cardiac cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 main phases?

Propotion of each heart beat?

And what happens in them?

A

diastole - 2/3 heart beat

and ventricular relaxation (ventricles fill with blood)

systole - 1/3 heartbeat

ventricle contract, generate pressure eject blood

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2
Q

What are 3 stages of systole?

A

isovolumeitrc contraction, rapid ejection , slow ejection

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3
Q

when does end diastolic volume occur?

And what is it?

A

isovoulemic contraction

max volume before contract

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4
Q

what is end-sysotic volume?

when occur?

A

the residual volume (left over)

end of slow ejection

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5
Q

What is stroke V?

A

end diastolic volume(max)

-

end systolic volume (lowest)

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6
Q

how do you calculate ejection fraction?

A

stroke volume divide end diastolic volume

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7
Q

Cycle of the cardiac phases?

A
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8
Q

Name all the valves

A

RHS - Deoxygenated

triscuspid valves then pulmonary valves

LHS - oxygn

bicuspid valve then aortic valve

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9
Q

What happens in atrial systole?

A

atria almost full from passive filling

atria also contract to top of volume in ventricle

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10
Q

What happens in isovolumetric contraction?

A

ventricular depolarisation

between AV valves close + open of semi-lunar valves

contract of ventricles but no change in volume

when pressure V higher than A, AV valves close

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11
Q

What is the P wave on ECG?

A

atrial systole

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12
Q

What causes rapid ejection?

A

when ventricular pressure > than pulmonary and aorta artery

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13
Q

What happens in rapid ejection?

A

ventricle contract and pressure exceed artery pressure

semi lunar valves open

blood pumped out of ventricle

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14
Q

What happens in reduced rejection?

A

reduced pressure gradient semi-lunar valves close

decreased blood flow and ventricular volume decreases less

blood flows back and semilunar valve close

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15
Q

What happens in isovolumetric relaxation?

A

Av remain closed until ventricular pressure drops below atrial

atrial pressure increase

aorta pressure increases

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16
Q

What is dichrotic notch?

A

Aorta increasing pressure in volumetric relaxation

due to rebound pressure

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17
Q

What happens in rapid passive feeling?

A

AV valves open and blood flow into ventricles

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18
Q

What is reduced passive filling?

A

diastasis

ventricle volume fills slowly but still able to fill a lot before contraction from atria

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19
Q

What is P wave?

A

atrial systole

20
Q

When is 4th hear sound?

Is it normal?

A

atrial systole

no, occurs with congestive heart failure and pulmonary and tricsupid incompetnece

21
Q

When does 1st (lub) occur?

Why?

A

isovolumetric contraction

due to closure of AV valves

22
Q

Does rapid ejection have a heart sound?

A

NO

23
Q

Does opening of valves make a sound?

A

No, only closing

24
Q

What cardiac phase is respented by T wave?

A

reduced ejecction

ventricular muscles muscles repolarize produced T waves

as end of depolarisaton

25
Q

What signifies QRS?

A

start of ventricular depolarisation

isovolumetric contraction

26
Q

When does dub occur?

(2nd heart sound)

A

close semi-lunar valves

isovolumetric relaxation

27
Q

When does 3rd heart sound occur?

Is it normal?

A

rapid passive filling

abonrla due to turbulent ventricular filling

show hypertension or mitral incompetence

28
Q

Are the patterns of pressure changes between of right and left heart same? If not why?

A

YES same pattern of CHANGES is same, as in time of changes

29
Q

Which side of heart has higher pressure?

A

right lower than left as going to lungs

30
Q

What is differences in volume ejected by each side?

A

SAME volume of blood ejected, but right lower pressure circuit

31
Q

What is pressure difference in systemic and pulmonary circuits? (i.e ateries, cappilarties

A
32
Q

Draw a ventricular volume (x) vs ventricular pressure (y) graph?

A
33
Q

What is preload?

A

Blood fillling ventricules during diasotle + streches it

34
Q

What is after load?

A

Ejection of blood into artieres, after isovulemtic pressure

35
Q

How does the LOOP fit in with pressure/muscle length fibre graph?

A
36
Q

What affect does preload have on volumes?

A

increased in PRELOAD

increases STROKE volume

37
Q

What happens when we increase diatole pressure?

A

greater pressure required to open aortic valve

less shorterning of muscles as working against increased afterload

increases afterload decreased stroke volume as shortening of fibres decrease

38
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output?

A

HR x stroke volume

39
Q

what affects stroke volume?

A

preload

after load - diastolic pressure, ventricules need overcome to pump blood AS in order to pump blood out ventricle pressure > artery pressure

contractility

40
Q

what is contractility?

A

contractil capablity, strength of contraction of heart

41
Q

How is contractility increased?

A

By sympatheric stimulatiion

chnages amount cyclic KMP in cell that influences Ca2+ to myofliments

42
Q

How does contracte change ESPVR, end systolic pressure?

A
43
Q

What happens to PV loops during exercise?

A

affects stroke volume and end-systolic pressure

by 1). increased end diastolic volume - by an increase venous return

2) .increase contractility - sympatheric increase as more Ca2+ to myofilmants, decreased end systolic volume
3) . increases artial pressure - increase afterload and lessens to reduction of end-systolic volume.

44
Q

What affect does high HR have?

A

V high rate, impenge on filling time and decreased end-diasltic volume i.e how much is filled in diastole

45
Q

What affect will hardening of aortic valve have on PV loop?

A

reduced blood flow in artery and increase afterload, as has larger diastolic pressure to over come

46
Q

what affect does blood loss have on PV loop?

A
47
Q

what affect does increase exercise have on PV loop

A

BRS (19 decks)

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