Respiration system study guide Flashcards
Define:
- Breathing
- External respiration
- Internal respiration
- Cellular respiration
- Breathing: the movement of air into lungs (inhalation) and the removal of air out of lungs (exhalation)
- External respiration: Exchange of O2 and CO2 between pulmonary capillaries and alveoli
- Internal respiration: Exchange of O2 and CO2 between ____ capillaries and muscle/tissue of ____
- Cellular respiration: occurs in the mitochondria of a cell where O2 and glucose (C6H12O6) yields
H2O, CO2 and ATP
Air passage directions
Oral cavity/Nasal cavity -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchus -> Bronchioles -> alveoli and visa versa
Functions of
- cilia
- nose hairs
- mucus
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchus/bronchi
- bronchiole
- alveoli
- diaphragm
- lipoprotein
- pleural membrane
- vagus nerve
- phrenic nerve
- intercostal muscles
- stretch receptors
- chemoreceptors
- cilia: to trap dirt.
- nose hair: crude filter
- mucus: traps debris, humidifiers air, lubricant
- larynx: lets air pass from your throat (pharynx) to your trachea on the way to your lungs
- trachea: carry oxygen-rich air to your lungs
- bronchus/bronchi: carry air to and from your lungs
- bronchiole: carries air to alveoli
- alveoli: gas exchange of O2 and CO2
- diaphragm: major muscle that assists in inhalation and exhalation
- lipoprotein: decreases surface tension and prevents alveoli from sticking together
- pleural membrane: maintains lung pressure
- vagus nerve: regulates respiration and provide sensory feedback from the lungs to the brain
- phrenic nerve: supplies both motor and sensory fibers to the diaphragm
- intercostal muscles: assist with exhalation and moving the ribs and chest cavity back to their original position
- stretch receptors: signals lungs to expand during inhalation and limits expansion of lungs
- chemoreceptors: to detect chemicals in the body
Explain why alveoli are well suited for its function of gas exchange
- the alveoli give lungs a huge internal surface area
- each alveolus is well supplied with pulmonary capillaries
- continuous flow of blood helps to maintain a difference in concentration
- membrane of alveolus is one cell thick
- thin layer of moisture covers alveolus as gases can diffuse
Describe the sequence of events that occur during inspiration and expiration
- Ribs contract and move up and outwards.
- Diaphragm contracts and lowers, causing the pressure in the lungs to drop even lower than 756 mm of hg
- Air enters lungs, alveoli become saturated with air and expand
- stretch receptors of alveolar walls send nerve impulses to the medulla via the vagus nerve
- medulla stops sending nerve impulses to diaphragm and ribs
- the diaphragm relaxes and assume dome shape, ribs move down and inwards, and stretched alveolar walls recoil and cause
pressure to increase in lungs and forcing air out of lungs
what are the primary stimuli for inspiration
Increase [ ] of CO2 and H+
where are chemoreceptors for CO2 and H+ ions located
carotid body: carotid artery
aortic body: aorta
medulla: base of brain
Compare and Contrast inspiration and expiration
Similarities:
- responsible for gas exchange and uses same airway
Differences:
- Inspiration is when air is taken into the lungs
- Expiration is the process of moving air out of the lungs
What is negative pressure, how is it created and what is it responsible for
- the pressure inside the lungs is lower than the atmospheric pressure causing it to create a vacuum
- when the diaphragm and muscles between your ribs contract
- so air rushes in through the upper and lower airways.
Explain the factors that affect breathing rate
physical fitness
disease and health status.
What is vital capacity
the maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out during one single breath
What is dead air/space
air that does not reach alveoli
What is residual air and why is it important?
Air that doesn’t empty the lungs helps keep the alveoli open at all times.
compare the [ ] of CO2 and O2 in the inhaled air and exhaled air
Inhaled air:
- 21% of oxygen and 0.04% of carbon dioxide
Exhaled air:
- 16.4% of oxygen and 4.4% of carbon dioxide
give the equations and describe how O2 is transported in blood
O2 + Hb ⇌ HbO2
- O2 diffuses out of the alveoli and into tissue fluid
- O2 in tissue fluid, diffuses into RBC and attaches to HB to make oxyhemoglobin (hbo2) and is transported throughout the body
