Enzymes and Homeostasis study guide Flashcards
What are the four factors that affect chemical reactions and how do they affect the rate of these rxns?
- Temperature: At hot temperatures, the kinetic energy increases because the particles are moving faster and therefore the number of collisions increases, increasing the rxn rate. At colder temperatures, the kinetic energy decrease because the particles are moving slower, therefore decreasing the number of collisions and decreasing the rxn rate
- Surface area: Increasing the SA of a solid, increases the number of reactants that can react. Decrease the SA of a solid, decreases the number of reactants that can react
- Presence of an enzyme/catalyst: Enzymes can lower the energy of activation needed to activate the reactants. Therefore, the rate of reaction is much faster
- [ ] of the substrate: a higher [ ] of the substrate will increase the number of collisions and therefore increases the rxn rate and visa versa for a lower [ ].
What is activation energy (Ea)? How does it determine rxn rate?
The amount of energy required to make products.
The lower the Ea is, the greater the rxn because it requires less energy to transition and visa versa for a higher Ea.
How do catalysts work to speed up chemical reactions?
they lower the Ea, therefore speeding up chemical reactions
What do all enzyme names end with?
Ase
what components make up a holoenzyme
apoenzyme and co-factor (vitamin or mineral)
Define apoenzyme, co-enzyme and co-factor
Apoenzyme: the protein portion of an enzyme (inactive)
Co-factor: composed of vitamins or minerals
Co-enzyme: composed of vitamins
Give examples of co-enzyme and co-factor
co-factor
- minerals: copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, selenium
co-enzyme
- vitamins: riboflavin, niacin
define metabolism, metabolic pathway and metabolic energy
Metabolism: All series of chemical reactions occurring within your body
Metabolic pathway: A series of chemical reactions occurring within your body
Metabolic energy: cellular respiration (production of ATP)
Explain lock and key theory
A theory where an enzyme has a specific shape which allows the substrate to fit either by hydrolysis or synthesis reactions. (active site)
explain induce fit theory
a theory where some active site undergoes a slight change in shape in order to accommodate a substrate and to achieve optimum fit.
what are the factors affecting enzyme activity?
- Heavy metal
- Surface area
- Temperature
- pH
- [ ] of substrates and enzymes
- Inhibitors
Compare and contrast competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors
Compare:
- both attach to a certain site on the enzyme
- both are inhibitors
Contrast:
- competitive inhibitors are irreversible
- noncompetitive inhibitors are reversible
- competitive inhibitors attach to the enzyme’s active site and cannot be removed from the enzyme’s active site
- noncompetitive inhibitors attach to the enzyme’s allosteric site and can be removed
- competitive inhibitors halt the production of products/ the substrate’s ability to attach to the enzyme’s active site
- noncompetitive inhibitors reduce the activity of the enzyme for a limited time.
give examples of competitive inhibitors
- cyanide
- penicillin
what is negative feedback inhibition?
When “too much” of a substance results in decreased production of the same or a different substance
what is homeostasis?
the maintenance of equilibrium of the body’s internal environment in the face of changing conditions
