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Bio study guide > Biochemistry Study guide > Flashcards

Biochemistry Study guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how many electrons for each valence shell

A

1st: 2
2nd: 8
3rd: 8
4th: 18
5th: 18
6th: 32
7th: 32

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2
Q

what is an isotope and give examples

A

an element that gained or lost a neutron, carbon 12, carbon 13, carbon 14

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3
Q

unique properties and characteristics of water

A
  • high heat capacity
  • high cohesiveness
  • high boiling point
  • low freezing point
  • takes in heat quickly
  • releases heat slowly
  • hydrogen bonds
  • covalently bonded
  • liquid water is denser than ice due to ice is less compact then liquid water
  • great transportation fluid due to high cohesiveness
  • universal solvent
  • high polarity
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4
Q

why do h-bonds form between water molecules

A

because of S- oxygen is attracted to the S+ hydrogen and creates h-bonds

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5
Q

functions of water in our bodies

A
  • body temp regulator
  • universal solvent
  • lubricant
  • transportation fluid
  • main component of all cells
  • water is needed for hydrolysis
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6
Q

Definition of Acids and examples

A

acids are components that dissociate in water and release [H+]

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7
Q

Definition of Bases and examples

A

bases are compounds that dissociate in water and releases [OH-]

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8
Q

why are buffers important and what are they made of

A

Buffers are chemical or group of chemicals that take up excess [OH-] and [H+], made up of weak bases and acids and their salts

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9
Q

what atoms make up amino acids/proteins

A
  • nitrogen
  • oxygen
  • hydrogen
  • carbon
  • sometimes sulfur
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10
Q

what is the backbone of a polypeptide

A

N-C-C backbone

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11
Q

list the types of bonds responsible for the formation of the three levels of proteins

A

Linear: peptide bonds
Secondary: H-bonds
Tertiary: Disulfide, ionic, covalent, hydrogen and peptide bonds

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12
Q

list functions of proteins

A

Keratin: for hair and nail structure
Myosin and actin: for muscle movement
enzymes: speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
Hemoglobin: transport H2O, C6H12O6 and CO2
immunoglobulin: is antibodies (immunity)

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13
Q

what atoms make up carbs

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
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14
Q

how is maltose formed?

A

dehydration synthesis to combine two glucose molecules into maltose

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15
Q

list structural differences between starch, glycogen, and cellulose

A

Cellulose:

  • linear
  • found in plant cell walls
  • 3000 or more glucose units
  • beta bonds
  • glycosidic bonds
  • humans cannot digest

Glycogen:

  • many branches
  • found in liver
  • 16-24 glucose units
  • alpha bonds
  • glycosidic bonds
  • digestible by humans

Starch:

  • little amount of branches
  • found in plants and plant roots
  • 300-1000 glucose units
  • alpha bonds
  • digestible by humans
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16
Q

functions of carbs

A
  • short term energy
  • energy storage
  • structural in plant cells
  • identification markers
17
Q

what atoms are found in lipids

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
18
Q

what are the 4 common types of lipids

A
  • Fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated)
  • phospholipids
  • neutral fats
  • steroids
19
Q

differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

A

Saturated: no double bonds, in-room temp solid
Unsaturated: double bonds, in-room temp liquid

20
Q

how is a neutral fat formed and differences

A

Monoglyceride: 1 fatty acids with glycerol
Diglyceride: 2 fatty acids with glycerol
Triglyceride; 3 fatty acids with glycerol
All either by hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis

21
Q

what are the three types of neutral fats and what are their functions

A

Monoglyceride, Diglyceride, Triglyceride

  • long-term energy storage (adipose tissue)
  • subcutaneous insulation
  • a component in cell membranes
  • lipid-based hormones
  • protects and cushions organs
22
Q

what is emulsification and how does an emulsifier work

A
  • the breakdown of fat globules into tiny droplets by surrounding with emulsifiers
  • lye + fatty acid = emulsifier
  • fatty acids tail are hydrophobic and is not polar, so attaches to lipid
  • lye is polar and hydrophilic, therefore is pointed outwards
23
Q

what are the two types of nucleic acids and what are their functions

A

RNA: for protein synthesis

DNA: genetic information

24
Q

what three parts make up a nucleic acid

A 
phosphate group
pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
nitrogen base (purine or pyrimidine)
25
Q

what is the backbone of a strand of DNA/RNA

A

phosphate sugar backbone

26
Q

what parts make up a ATP molecule

A

Pentose sugar (ribose)
Adenine
Triphosphate group

27
Q

what are the functions of ATP

A

energy currency for movement, growth and used for a cell to function

Bio study guide (9 decks)

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