Digestion study guide

Question 1

Definition of digestion

Answer 1

• The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of nutrients by cells

Question 2

The definitions and examples of Mechanical and Chemical digestion

Answer 2

Mechanical digestion: physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles

• chewing
• stomach-churning

Chemical digestion: using a process called hydrolysis, uses water and digestive enzymes to break down the complex molecules
- enzymes

Question 3

Source gland and function (substrate and products) of the following enzymes

Answer 3

Salivary amylase: Salivary glands, split starch or glycogen + water into maltose in mouth
Pancreatic amylase: Pancreatic glands, split starch or glycogen + water into maltose in duodenum
Intestinal nuclease: Intestinal glands, split nucleic acids + water into nucleotides in small intestine
Pancreatic nuclease: Pancreatic glands, split nucleic acids + water into nucleotides in duodenum
Pepsin: Gastric glands, splits proteins + water into peptides in stomach
Trypsin: Pancreatic glands, splits proteins + water into peptides in small intestine
Peptidase: Intestinal glands, splits peptides + water into amino acids in small intestine
Lipase: Intestinal and Pancreatic gland, splits lipids + water into fatty acids & glycerol
Lactase: Intestinal glands, lactose + water into glucose and fructose
Sucrase: Intestinal glands, sucrose + water into glucose and galactose
Maltase: Intestinal glands, maltose + water into two glucose
Nucleotidase: Intestinal glads, Nucleotides + water into nitrogen bases, phosphate group & pentose sugars

Question 4

6 main functions of the liver

Answer 4

• maintains blood glucose: glucose is stored as glycogen or glycogen is converted back to glucose
• creates and secretes bile
• deamination of excess amino acids into urea
• stores minerals and vitamins
• destroys damaged red blood cells
• detoxifies and removes (poisons) toxic substances

Question 5

what source glands secret bile and sodium bicarbonate

Answer 5

Bile: Liver

Sodium bicarbonate: Pancreatic gland

Question 6

Functions of bile and sodium bicarbonate

Answer 6

Bile: breaks down fat globules into fat droplets (emulsification)

Sodium Bicarbonate: A buffer to neutralize the acidic chyme to become a pH of 8-9

Question 7

components of gastric, pancreatic & intestinal juice

Answer 7

Gastric juice: HCl & pepsinogen

Pancreatic juice: lipase, amylase, nuclease, trypsin

Intestinal juice: maltase, peptidase, nucleotidase, sucrase, lactase

Question 8

what is the source gland of glucagon and insulin and what are their roles involving homeostasis

Answer 8

Pancreatic gland & maintains blood glucose levels by lowering (insulin) and increasing (glucagon) blood glucose lv when needed

Question 9

where is E.coli found and what is the importance to your body

Answer 9

located in Colon, breaks down roughage to produce vitamin k, amino acids, growth factors and methane

Question 10

where and how the small intestine is able to undergo the absorption of nutrients in the villi

Answer 10

capillary nets and lacteals via active transport by carrier and channel protein and diffusion

Question 11

How many uragenital openings are there in a:

Human male, human female, male pig, female pig

Answer 11

Human male: 2
Human female: 3
Male pig: 2
Female pig: 3

Question 12

Determine sex of pig externally if male or females

Answer 12

Female pig:
- has a urogenital papilla; it is ventral to the anus

Male pig:
- has urogenital orfice (penis) below umbilical cord

• Testes located below anus, posterior to hind legs

Question 13

explain the disease or problems associated with the digestive system

GERD/ heartburn

Diarrhea

Hepatitis (A B C)

Crohn’s disease

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Stomach ulcers

Lactose intolerance

Appendicitis

Hernia

Gallstones

Celiac disease

Obesity

Gastric bypass

Answer 13

GERD/ heartburn: Acid reflux

Diarrhea: loose, watery and possibly more-frequent bowel movements

Hepatitis (A B C): inflammation of the liver

Crohn’s disease: inflammation of your digestive tract

Irritable Bowel Syndrome: a condition that causes swelling or bloating from gas or other material in the colon

Stomach ulcers: a sore on the lining of your stomach

Lactose intolerance: when your body can’t break down or digest lactose

Appendicitis: an inflammation of the appendix (infection)

Hernia: a gap in muscular wall that allows the contents inside the abdomen to protrude outward

Gallstones: when bile stored in the gallbladder hardens into a stone-like material

Celiac disease: a digestive problem that stops your body from taking in nutrients from foods that contain gluten

Question 14

Functions of the following organs: 
Mouth
Uvula
Esophagus
Gall bladder
Duodenum 
Rectum
Cecum
Oral cavity 
Nasal cavity 
Cardiac sphincter 
Common bile duct
Pancreas 
Anal sphincter 
Tongue
Pharynx
Stomach
Liver
Appendix 
Anus
Teeth
Epiglottis
Pyloric  sphincter 
Pancreatic duct
Small intestine 
Large intestine

Answer 14

Mouth: begins digestion by reducing size of food (chewing) and mixing with saliva

Uvula: assists in closing of nasal cavity

Esophagus: carry food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach

Gall bladder: to store bile

Duodenum: assists in breaking down chyme via enzyme and digestive aids

Rectum: temporarily stores fecal matter

Cecum: junction point of small intestine and large intestine

Oral cavity: large space of mouth /entrance to alimentary tract

Nasal cavity: allows air to pass through nose

Cardiac sphincter: prevents stomach contents from going back up into the esophagus

Common bile duct: tube that transports bile from gallbladder to duodenum

Pancreas: secretes pancreatic juice which contains enzymes and digestive aids to assist digestion

Anal sphincter: controls when fecal matter is released

Tongue: assists in swallowing, and moving food around

Pharynx: carries food, air, and fluids down from the nose and mouth

Stomach: digestion of bolus by churning and enzymes into chyme

Liver: maintains blood glucose: glucose is stored as glycogen or glycogen is converted back to glucose

• creates and secretes bile
• deamination of excess amino acids into urea
• stores minerals and vitamins
• destroys damaged red blood cells
• detoxifies and removes (poisons) toxic substances

Appendix: was thought to act as a storehouse for good bacteria

Anus: to detect rectal contents, whether they are liquid, gas or solid

Teeth: grinding, cutting and mixing ingested food

Epiglottis: blocks off trachea when contents are going down esophagus

Pyloric sphincter: control the emptying of stomach contents (chyme) into the duodenum

Pancreatic duct: transports pancreatic juice from pancreas to duodenum

Small intestine: further breakdown of chyme and the absorption of nutrients

Large intestine: absorption of water and electrolytes and the breakdown of roughage to produce vitamin k, amino acids, and growth factors