Circulatory System test study guide Flashcards
What are the 5 types of blood vessels
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venioles
- veins
what are the structural similarities and differences between arteries, veins and capillaries?
Similarities:
all contain endothelium
Differences:
- arteries have thick elastic layer and smooth muscle layers
- veins have less muscular layers and contain valves
- capillaries have a microscopic single layer called the endothelium (very thin)
functions of, high or low nutrients, high or low waste and oxy or deoxy
- subclavian artery/ vein
- mesenteric arteries
- iliac artery/vein
- hepatic portal vein
- jugular vein
- hepatic vein
- pulmonary artery/vein
- superior/ inferior vena cava
- carotid artery
- renal artery/vein
- umbilical artery/vein
subclavian artery/ vein:
- to deliver blood to the arms and shoulders and back to the heart
artery: high nutrients, low waste, oxygenated
vein: low nutrients, high waste, deoxygenated
mesenteric arteries:
- to deliver blood to the intestines
- high nutrients, low waste, oxygenated
iliac artery/vein:
- carries and delivers blood to kidneys and back to the heart
artery: high nutrients, low waste, oxygenated
vein: low nutrients, high waste, deoxygenated
hepatic portal vein:
- bring deoxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the intestine to liver
- high nutrients, high waste, deoxygenated
jugular vein:
- to deliver blood back to the heart from the head, brain, neck and face
- low nutrients, high waste, deoxygenated
hepatic vein:
- to deliver blood from the liver back to the heart
- low nutrients, high waste, deoxygenated
pulmonary artery/vein:
- to bring deoxygenated blood to the lungs to get oxygenated and oxygenated blood back to the heart
artery: low nutrients, low waste, deoxygenated
vein: high nutrients, high waste, oxygenated
superior/ inferior vena cava:
- carries blood from the lower and upper body, back to the heart
- low nutrients, high waste, deoxygenated
carotid artery:
- to deliver blood to the head and brain
- high nutrients, low waste, oxygenated
renal artery/vein:
- carries and delivers blood to the kidneys and back to the heart
artery: high nutrients, high waste, oxygenated
vein: low nutrients, low waste, deoxygenated
umbilical artery/vein:
- carries blood to the fetus’s heart and back to the mother’s heart
artery: low nutrients, high waste, deoxygenated
vein: high nutrients, low waste, oxygenated
what is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation? what side of the heart is responsible for each?
systemic:
delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste
left side
pulmonary:
delivers blood to the lungs and oxygenates the blood
right side
Describe the path of a blood cell from the aorta through the body and back to the left ventricle
Oxygenated blood exits the aorta goes to the iliac artery and delivers o2 to the tissues in the pelvic region, legs, and reproductive organs.
Then deoxygenated blood goes up the iliac vein and travels to the inferior vena cava.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, and the right atrium contracts and opens the tricuspid valve.
Deoxygenated blood enters the right ventricle, and the right ventricle contracts, causing the pulmonary semilunar valve to open and the deoxygenated blood to be pushed out of the pulmonary semilunar valve and enter the pulmonary artery.
Then the deoxygenated blood travels to the lungs and becomes oxygenated, travelling down the pulmonary vein.
The oxygenated blood enters the left atrium. the left atrium contracts, causing the bicuspid valve to open, allowing the blood to flow into the left ventricle
functions:
- right/left atrium
- right/left ventricle
- semi-lunar valves
- tri & bicuspid valves
- chordae tendinae
- SA node
- AV node
- Purkinje fibers
- Bundle of his
- septum
- coronary vein/arteries
- superior/inferior vena cava
- aorta
- pulmonary artery/vein
- pulmonary trunk
- right/left atrium: to receive blood and pump it into ventricles
- right/left ventricle: to pump blood to the lungs or throughout the body
- semi-lunar valves: allows a one-way flow of blood to vital organs
- tri & bicuspid valves: allows a one-way flow of blood to ventricles
- chordae tendinae: anchors the valves open
- SA node: signals atria to contract
- AV node: signals ventricle to relax
- Purkinje fibers: sends electrical impulses to ventrical to contract
- Bundle of his: sends electrical impulses from AV node to purkinje fibers
- septum: separates the left and right chambers that contains oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
- coronary vein/arteries: carries and delivers blood to the myocardium muscles and back to the heart’s chambers
- superior/inferior vena cava: carries blood from the upper and lower body back to the heart
- aorta: to carry blood away from your heart to the rest of your body
- pulmonary artery/vein: to carry blood to the lungs and back to the heart
- pulmonary trunk: to carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
Describe the sequence of one heartbeat starting at the SA node
an impulse is sent to the SA node that causes both atria to contract and both Tri and bicuspid valves to open, causing the blood to flow into the ventricles.
then the impulse is sent to the AV node to allow the ventricles to relax and fill up with blood
After ventricles are filled, the impulses travel down to the bundle of his and the right and left Purkinje fibres that contract the
ventricles, causing both semilunar valves to open and allow blood to flow through the aorta and pulmonary trunk
repeat.
what does intrinsic mean (heartbeat)
The cardiac heart muscle allows the heart to beat automatically without neural stimulation.
what do systole and diastole mean
Systole: contraction of a heart chamber
Diastole: relaxation of a heart chamber
difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
Systolic pressure: is pressure in blood pressure that is caused by ventricle contractions.
Diastolic pressure: is in blood pressure where the ventricles relax.
difference between hypertension and hypotension
Hypertension:
- chronic high blood pressure
- can causes health problems, possibly leading to death
Hypotension:
- chronic low blood pressure
- can cause minor health problems
some factors that cause hypertension
- Obesity: more mass means heart works harder to pump blood, therefore increasing blood pressure
- Alcohol: causes lipids lvs to increase in blood
- Smoking: nicotine constricts blood vessels
- High saturated fatty acid diet: leads to obstructed arteries (atherosclerosis)
some factors that cause hypotension
- low sat fatty acid diet
- low salt intake
- hereditary
Explain how blood pressure and blood velocity change as blood travels away from the heart
when near the heart, blood pressure and blood velocity are at their highest because the push of the heart is the strongest, therefore the blood pressure and blood velocity are their highest.
the heart’s push gets weaker and weaker the further blood travels down, therefore decreasing blood pressure and blood velocity
What part of the nervous system relegates the heartbeat
Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Functions of the 5 fetal modifications:
- arterial duct
- venous duct
- oval opening
- umbilical arteries
- umbilical veins
- arterial duct: allows oxygenated blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation
- venous duct: allows oxygenated blood in the umbilical vein to bypass the liver
- oval opening: allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right atrium
- umbilical arteries: carry deoxygenated fetal blood toward the placenta for replenishment
- umbilical veins: carries oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus
What is a “blue baby” and why does it occur
a condition where a baby’s skin turns blue when there is not enough oxygen in the blood.
Describe the function and the source of:
- RBC
- Platelets
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- monocytes
- B-lymphocytes
- T-lymphocytes
RBC:
- Transports O2, CO2 and hydrogen ions
- Redbone marrow
Platelets:
- Aids in clotting
neutrophils:
- fights infections by phagocytizing pathogens
- Redbone marrow
eosinophils:
- fights infections by phagocytizing antigen-antibody complexes and allergens
- Redbone marrow
basophils:
- fights infections by releasing histamine (signal)(causes allergic reactions) which promotes blood flow to injured tissue
- Redbone marrow
monocytes:
- fights infections by becoming macrophages that phagocytize pathogens and cellular debris
- Redbone marrow
B-lymphocytes:
- fights infections by producing antibodies
- Bone marrow
T-lymphocytes:
- fights infections by promoting the activity of other immune cells in the acquired immune response.
- Bone marrow
Describe the function and source of the following plasma protein:
- albumin
- fibrinogen
- antibodies
Albumin:
- Transports proteins and vitamins in blood
- liver
Fibrinogen:
- a protein that converts into fibrin, which forms a mesh that impedes the flow of blood in an open wound
- liver
Antibodies:
- to recognize and latch onto antigens in order to remove them from the body.
- Bone marrow or lymph nodes
Describe the function and source of:
- O2
- CO2
- nutrients
- wastes
- hormones
- vitamins
O2:
- provide our body with energy, converting carbs with o2 into ATP
- Lungs
CO2:
- CO2 excreted by breathing it out via lungs
- mitochondria
nutrients:
- to provide energy, contribute to body structure, and/or regulate chemical processes in the body
- carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water
wastes:
- must be excreted in urine filtered by kidneys
- excretory system
hormones:
- maintain homeostasis
- endocrine glands
vitamins:
- cofactor for enzymes
- foods
Describe the function of the lymphatic system
- excess tissue fluid drainage
- absorbs fat from the digestive system
- protects body against pathogens using lymph nodes
List the organs of the lymphatic system
tonsil, adenoids, spleen, thymus
Where are lymph nodes located
- armpits
- neck
- groin
- in the chest cavity
- in the pelvis
- back of the abdomen
What are the types of lymph vessels and how does it join up with the circulatory system
Capillaries, Collecting vessels, ducts
The right side of the face, chest and arm are drained by a right lymphatic duct into the subclavian vein.
The left side of the face, arm and lower torso are drained by the left thoracic duct into the subclavian vein.
Which blood type can each of the four blood types donate to
A+: A+, AB+
A-: A+, A-, AB+, AB-
B+: AB+, B+
B-: AB+, AB-, B+, B-
AB+: AB+
AB-: AB+, AB-
O+: A+, B+, AB+, O+,
O-: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O-
Why is O type the universal donor
has no A or B antigens
Why is AB type the universal receiver
has no A or B antibodies
What is the RH factor
An antigen that determines if your blood type is negative or positive
What is erythroblastosis fetalis and why does it occur and how can this be prevented
- When the antibodies in the mother’s blood attack the fetus, usually in 2nd pregnancies
- by getting a RhoGAM shot
Chemical equation to carbon dioxide and hemoglobin
HbCO2 called carb amino hemoglobin
