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Biology unit 2- Ms Quinn > Respiration- steps for glucose > Flashcards

Respiration- steps for glucose Flashcards

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1
Q

what is ATP?

A

-the energy molecule provided by respiration

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2
Q

what is the word equation for respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water + energy in the form of ATP

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3
Q

what is the chemical equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

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4
Q

what is a molecule of ATP made up of?

A

-3 phosphate molecules
-a sugar (ribose)
-and a base (adenine)

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5
Q

what type of energy is released in respiration which is stored as ATP?

A

-chemical energy

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6
Q

what does ATP stand for?

A

-adenosine tri-phosphate

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7
Q

what does respiration convert?

A

-it convert chemical energy stored in glucose into chemical energy stored in ATP

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8
Q

how is ATP synthesized?

A

-it is synthesized from ADP and an inorganic phosphate (Pi) molecule

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9
Q

what does ADP stand for?

A

-adenosine di-phosphate

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10
Q

what compound is released when ATP is synthesized?

A

-a water molecule is released when ADP and Pi are joined together to form ATP

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11
Q

when ATP is broken down what is released?
when ATP is synthesized what is needed?

A

-energy is released
-energy is needed by the body

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12
Q

what are 3 processes in the body that require energy>?

A

-active transport
-glycolysis
-muscle contraction

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13
Q

what are the enzymes that catalyse the breakdown of ATP?

A

-ATP hydrolase enzymes catalyse the breakdown of ATP into ADP +Pi and they use the energy that is released

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14
Q

how often does the synthesis and breakdown of ATP occur?

A

-constantly ATP id being formed and broken down due to the bodies demand for energy

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15
Q

what is the process called when ADP and Pi join to form ATP?

A

-phosphorylation

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16
Q

what are the 4 stages of respiration and where do they occur?

A

-glycolysis- cytoplasm of the cell
-the link reaction- matrix of mitochondria
-the Krebs cycle- matrix of mitochondria
-the electron transport chain- inner membrane of mitochondria

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17
Q

which stages of respiration do and do not involve oxygen?

A

-glycolysis doesn’t require oxygen
-every other step does

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18
Q

why do the 4 stages occur in different parts of the cell?

A

-to keep the metabolites separate

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19
Q

what does oxidation, reduction and redox reactions mean?

A

-oxidation is the addition of oxygen or the removal of hydrogen
-reduction is the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen
-redox reaction is when both oxidation and reduction occur at the same time

20
Q

who many membranes does the mitochondria have and what do they entail?

A

-double membrane
-outer membrane contains protein channels which let small molecules through
-inner membrane is impermeable and is also highly folded into cristae which gave it a large surface area

21
Q

what is attached to the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

A

-ATP synthase enzymes are attached in globules to the inner membrane

22
Q

why is it not true to say that respiration turns oxygen into carbon dioxide?

A

-carbon dioxide is released before oxygen is involved
-what actually happens that glucose is turned into carbon dioxide and oxygen is turned into water

23
Q

what is the goal of glycolysis?

A

-to turn glucose which is a 6 carbon molecule into a 3 carbon molecule called pyruvate

24
Q

what is the first step of glycolysis (to the split)

A

-first glucose undergoes phosphorylation which uses 2 molecules of ATP, they are broken down into ADP and Pi, the 2 Pi molecules then join to the glucose which forms a compound called fructose/ hexose biphosphate
-lysis then occurs by the addition of water which causes the fructose biphosphate to split into 2 compounds of Triose phosphate
-these each contain 3 carbons and one phosphate

25
Q

what happens after the split during glycolysis?

A

-this occurs twice due to the split
-a phosphate molecule from the cell joins onto the 3 carbon triose phosphate to form triose biphosphate
-the two phosphate molecules then break off the carbons and join ADP to form 2 molecules of ATP ( 4 molecules total because the whole thing happens twice)
-a hydrogen molecule then is also released which then binds to NAD which is a hydrogen carrier, this reduced the NAD which forms NADH (2 formed as the process happens twice)
-pyruvate is formed as a result (3 carbon molecule) (2 formed total as the process happens twice)

26
Q

what are the products of glycolysis?
why is the number of ATP molecules in the equation smaller than what actually was formed?

A

-glucose forms 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of ATP
-in total 4 molecules of ATO was created however because 2 ATP molecules were used at the beginning of glycolysis, the net total of ATP is 2

27
Q

how does glucose first enter the cytoplasm of the cell to allow glycolysis to occur?

A

-it enters the cell from the tissue fluid by diffusion

28
Q

what is the main job of the link reaction?

A

-to convert pyruvate which is a 3 carbon compound into acetylcoenzyme A which is a 2 carbon compound

29
Q

how many times does the link reaction occur and why?

A

-twice because 2 molecules of pyruvate was created by glycolysis so both have to be broken down into acetylcoenzyme A

30
Q

what are the steps of the link reaction?

A

-pyruvate loses a carbon dioxide molecule which is known as decarboxylation
-it also loses a hydrogen which then reduces its carrier NAD to form NADH
-acetylcoenzyme A is formed as a result

31
Q

where does the CO2 diffuse to during the link reaction after decarboxylation?

A

-the CO2 diffuses into the tissue fluid and then into the blood where it is carried to the lungs to be exhaled

32
Q

what are the products of the link reaction?

A

2 acetylcoenzyme A + 2 NADH + 2 CO2
-the link reaction occurs twice which is why there are double of each product

33
Q

what is the purpose of the Krebs cycle?

A

-Acetylcoenzyme A into CO2 and reduced NAD

34
Q

what are the steps of the Krebs cycle?

A

-oxaloacetate which is a 4 carbon compound is added onto Acetylcoenzyme A which is converted into a 6 carbon compound called Citrate, coenzyme A is lost in this step and goes back to the link reaction
-citrate is then broken down by a redox reaction to a 5 carbon compound called oxoglutarate, which released a carbon dioxide molecule and a hydrogen which reduces NAD to form NADH
-the oxoglutarate is then converted into a 4 carbon compound called oxaloacetate, during this another molecule of CO2 is released as well as 2 hydrogen molecules which reduced NAD to NADH, it also releases another hydrogen which is carried via FAD to form FADH, finally a molecule of ATP is formed from ADP + Pi

35
Q

how many times does the Krebs cycle occur and why?

A

-twice because the link reaction occurs twice which creates 2 molecules of Acetylcoenzyme A

36
Q

what are the total number of each product formed by the Krebs Cycle?

A

–the Krebs cycle happens twice
-2 molecules of ATP are created at the end of the breakdown of oxoglutarate
-2 molecules of reduced FADH also created at the end of the breakdown of oxoglutarate
-4 molecules of CO2 one molecule is released during the breakdown of citrate and one more when oxoglutarate is broken down (4 total as it happens twice)
-6 molecules of NADH one molecule is reduced during the breakdown of citrate and two more are reduced during the breakdown of oxoglutarate

37
Q

where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

-mitochondrial matrix

38
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

-the inner mitochondria
-specifically the cristae as they contain the electron carriers

39
Q

what is another name for the electron transport chain?

A

-oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

what happens during the electron transport chain/ oxidative phosphorylation?

A

-the hydrogen atoms from reduced NAD (NADH) are released and split into hydrogen ions and high energy electrons (split into protons and electrons) which release all their energy to form ATP
-electrons are carried form one electron carrier to the next which causes them to lose energy, therefore creating ATP for the body to use
-this is done by a series of redox reactions
-at the end the hydrogen ions and the electrons recombine with oxygen to form water

41
Q

what are the 5 electron carriers called that are involved in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

-NAD
-flavoprotein
-FAD
-coenzyme Q
-cytochromes

42
Q

what is the name of the final electron recipient during oxidative phosphorylation?

A

-oxygen

43
Q

how many molecules of ATP does NADH and FAD create?

A

-NAD makes 3 whereas FAD makes 2

44
Q

what is the total number of ATP molecules created by respiration? how many molecules of NADH and FADH are created during the entirety of respiration?

A

-38 ATP
-there are 10 molecules of NADH created during respiration: 2 during glycolysis, 2 during the link reaction and 6 during the Krebs cycle
-there are 2 molecules of FADH created during respiration: 2 during the Krebs cycle

45
Q

how many molecules of ATP are created during the first 3 stages of respiration (not the total)?

A

-4 ATP
-2 molecules are created during glycolysis (4 actually made but 2 were used at the start) and 2 more molecules were made during the Krebs cycle

46
Q

why is ATP such a suitable energy source?

A

-hydrolysis of ATP is a single reaction which releases immediate energy
-ATP releases a small manageable amount of energy during energy requiring processes
-its a small soluble molecule and so is easily transported throughout the body

Biology unit 2- Ms Quinn (12 decks)

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