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AU17: Physiology > Respiration II > Flashcards

Respiration II Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: The majority of Oxygen in the blood is dissolved.

A

FALSE

Hemoglobin carries about 98% of oxygen in the blood

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2
Q

T/F: Hemoglobin is a tetrameric molecule.

A

True

Has 4 protein subunits

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3
Q

What is in a hemoglobin protein subunit?

A

Heme group with an iron atom that can reversibly bind O2

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4
Q

How many O2 molecules can each hemoglobin carry?

A

4

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5
Q

T/F: Binding of O2 to Hb changes the conformation of Hb, but not Oxygen.

A

True

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6
Q

As the partial pressure of Oxygen in blood increases, what happens to Hb?

A

Conformation changes make it more probable to pick up Oxygen

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7
Q

During the _______ phase, small changes in partial pressure of Oxygen will have little effect on Hemoglobin saturation.

A

loading

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8
Q

During the _________ phase, small changes in partial pressure of Oxygen will have a large effect on the saturation of Hb.

A

unloading

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9
Q

What is P50?

A

The partial pressure of O2 where half of Hb is saturated

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10
Q

T/F: Only dissolved O2 can diffuse into tissues.

A

True

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11
Q

T/F: O2 bound to Hb can be diffused into the tissues.

A

False

Must be released first

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12
Q

What effect will an increase in temperature have on Hb affinity?

A

Decrease affinity. Hb will give up O2 to the tissues more easily

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13
Q

What effect will a decrease in pH have on Hb affinity?

A

Decrease affinity. Hb will give up O2 to the tissues more easily

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14
Q

What effect will an increase in metabolism (DPG) have on Hb affinity?

A

Decrease affinity. Hb will give up O2 to the tissues more easily

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15
Q

______ results in less Hb in the blood but will not change partial pressure of oxygen or Hb saturation.

A

Anemia

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16
Q

Describe how carbon monoxide poisoning affects the hemoglobin?

A

CO will replace O2 on the Hb

Hb has much higher affinity for CO than O2

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17
Q

T/F: CO poisoning changes partial pressure of O2.

A

False

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18
Q

How is CO poisoning a double edged sword?

A
  1. CO replaces O2 on Hb

2. Hb affinity for O2 actually goes up, so it does not release bound O2 to tissues

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19
Q

What are the three forms of transported CO2?

A
  1. Dissolved
  2. Bound to Hb
  3. As HCO3 (70%)
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20
Q

T/F: CO2 is more soluble than O2.

A

True

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21
Q

T/F: CO2 directly competes with O2 for hemeglobin binding sites.

A

FALSE

O2 binds heme portion
CO2 binds globin portion

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22
Q

T/F: CO forms carbaminohemoglobin when bound to Hb.

A

FALSE

CO = carboxyhemoglobin
CO2 = carbaminohemoglobin
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23
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

When P(O2) is increased -> Hb affinity for CO2 decreases

When P(O2) is decreased -> Hb affinity for CO2 is increased

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24
Q

Describe O2 vs CO2 Hb saturation in systemic arteries vs veins.

A

In arteries P(O2) is high -> Hb is saturated with oxygen

In veins P(CO2) is high -> Hb is more saturated with CO2

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25
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase (CA)?

A

An enzyme found in erythrocytes that catalyzes formation of carbonic acid

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26
Q

After being made in the erythrocyte, how is HCO3 transported to plasma?

A

HCO3/Cl transporter in the erythrocytes

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27
Q

T/F: When HCO3 is being produced, the pH of plasma will decrease.

A

True

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28
Q

T/F: CO2 diffuses from tissues into the blood plasma.

A

True

29
Q

T/F: HCO3 diffuses from erythrocytes into the blood plasma.

A

FALSE

Transporter

30
Q

What happens to the carbonic acid reaction once the blood gets to the pulmonary system?

A

As blood CO2 is diffused into alveoli, the HCO3 goes back into the erythrocyte, gets reversed to CO2 which diffuses out of the erythrocyte and into the alveoli

31
Q

T/F: When oxygen is bound to Hb, it has a high affinity for H+.

A

FALSE

Low

32
Q

How does Hb affinity for H+ help defend against acidic blood?

A

As the blood gets CO2 from tissues and forms HCO3, the Hb picks up the H+ to buffer pH.

33
Q

Hypoventilation leads to respiratory _________.

A

acidosis

Increase in P(CO2) and H+

Not exhaling CO2 when blood passes lung so pH lowers

34
Q

Hyperventilation leads to respiratory _________.

A

alkalosis

decrease in P(CO2) and H+

Blowing off excess CO2

35
Q

________ requires action potentials in motor neurons.

A

Inspiration

36
Q

________ is due to the cessation of motor neuron activity and lung recoil.

A

Expiration

37
Q

Rhythmic contractions are controlled by _________ neurons.

A

pacemaker

38
Q

What three factors can regulate activity of pacemaker neurons?

A
  1. Pulmonary stretch receptors
  2. Drugs
  3. Partial pressures and [H+]
39
Q

When P(O2) decreases, ventilation rate _______.

A

Increases

40
Q

When P(CO2) or [H+] increases, ventilation rate _______.

A

increases

41
Q

Increase in [H+] or decrease in P(O2) will stimulate _________ chemoreceptors.

A

peripheral

42
Q

Only an increase in ____ will stimulate central chemoreceptors in the brain.

A

[H+] in the extracellular fluid

43
Q

T/F: Peripheral receptors are stimulated to increase ventilation when Hb is depleted of oxygen.

A

FALSE

Stimulation can begin when when Hb is still 90% saturated

44
Q

T/F: Ventilation rate is more sensitive to P(CO2) than P(O2).

A

True

45
Q

A P(CO2) of above _____ would typically increase ventilation rate.

A

40 mmHg

46
Q

Describe the process that leads to increased ventilation when P(O2) levels are low.

A

Peripheral receptors increase firing -> reflex via medullary resp neurons -> resp muscles increase contractions -> increase ventilation

47
Q

Describe the process of resolving an increase in alveolar and arterial P(CO2).

A

Increase in arterial [H+] -> firing of peripheral receptors -> increased ventilation

Increase in brain ecf P(CO2) and [H+] -> firing of central chemoreceptors -> increased ventilation

48
Q

What other sources of [H+] can lead to altered ventilation rates?

A

Metabolic acidosis or alkalosis

49
Q

T/F: Anemia and CO poisoning will both alter ventilation rates.

A

False

50
Q

Production of non-CO2 acids (metabolic acidosis) will lead to firing of which receptors?

A

Peripheral chemoreceptors

51
Q

T/F: Exercise can increase ventilation by 20x.

A

True

52
Q

What happens to arterial and venous P(CO2) and P(O2) during exercise?

A

Arterial P(CO2) and P(O2) does not change until strenuous

Venous CO2 and O2 both increase

53
Q

The increase in ventilation during exercise is proportional to ….?

A

O2 use and production of CO2 by the cells

Makes sense why venous levels change

54
Q

T/F: Increase [H+] causes increased ventilation during exercise.

A

False

Requires intense exercise for this to be a factor

55
Q

What are the four major factors that are thought to lead to increased ventilation during exercise?

A
  1. Temperature
  2. Proprioceptors (joints, muscles, motor cortex)
  3. Epinephrine and K+
  4. Conditioned response
56
Q

______ is a deficiency of O2 at the level of the tissues.

A

Hypoxia

57
Q

______ hypoxia is decreased arterial P(O2).

A

Hypoxic

58
Q

_______ hypoxia is normal arterial P(O2) with decreased hemoglobin and O2 blood content.

A

Anemic

59
Q

______ hypoxia is when blood flow to tissues is too low.

A

Ischemic

60
Q

_______ hypoxia is when cells are unable to utilize the O2.

A

Histotoxic

61
Q

What are several different conditions that can lead to hypoxic hypoxia?

A
  1. Hypoventilation
  2. Diffusion impairment (thickened alveolar wall)
  3. Vascular shunt
  4. Ventilation-perfusion inequality (COPD)
62
Q

T/F: P(atm) decreases as altitude increases.

A

True

63
Q

P(O2) _______ as altitude increases.

A

decreases

64
Q

What are the immediate responses to increased elevation?

A
  1. Stimulate ventilation

2. Increased dependence on anaerobic glycolysis

65
Q

T/F: Acclimatization to high altitude takes days to weeks.

A

True

66
Q

What are the bodies responses in order to acclimate to high altitude?

A
  1. Increased erythropoiesis
  2. Increased 2,3 DPG -> shifts Hb-O2 curve to right
  3. Increased capillary density, mitochondria, myoglobin
67
Q

What are some dangerous side effects of blood doping?

A
  1. increased blood viscosity
  2. Increased risk of stroke
  3. High BP
  4. Autoimmune anemia
68
Q

How can an athlete utilize altitude to increase performance?

A

Live high and train low - increase O2 availability and utilize it

Live low train high - stimulate EPO production when P(O2) gets low

AU17: Physiology (12 decks)

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