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AU17: Physiology > Reproductive Endocrinology > Flashcards

Reproductive Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sources of sex steroids?

A
  1. Adrenal cortex
  2. Placenta
  3. Gonads
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2
Q

What are the three major classes of sex steroids?

A
  1. Pregnanes (21C)
  2. Androgens/Androstanes (19C)
  3. Estrogens/estranes (18C)
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3
Q

The primary male hormone is ______ which is an ________.

A

testosterone; androgen

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4
Q

Testosterone is converted to the most potent androgen _____, by the enzyme 5alpha-reductase.

A

DHT

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5
Q

The two most important female hormones are ________ and _______.

A

progesterone; estradiol

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6
Q

Estradiol is an estrogen produced from _______ bu the enzyme aromatase.

A

testosterone

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7
Q

T/F: Sex steroids can be stored in the cell.

A

FALSE

Steroids are lipophilic hormones and cannot be stored

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8
Q

What is the reproductive axis?

A

Hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> Gonads

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9
Q

T/F: When stimulated, there is a constant flow of GnRH from the hypothalamus.

A

FALSE

Pulsating

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10
Q

Bursts of GnRH from the hypothalamus cause what response from the anterior pituitary?

A

Pulsating release of LH and FSH

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11
Q

If GnRH is received in the anterior pituitary in a constant fashion what will its response be?

A

Inhibit LH and FSH secretion

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12
Q

Gonadal steroids exert negative feedback control of GnRH and LH secretion, except in which case?

A

Estradiol has a positive feedback on LH prior to ovulation in females

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13
Q

In the gonads, which genes are transcribed by the steroid/receptor complex?

A

Genes regulating gametogenesis and hormone synthesis

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14
Q

What is a secondary effect of gonadal steroids?

A

Regulate protein synthesis in other reproductive organs (male accessory glands, uterus, breasts, brain)

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15
Q

Spermatic cells include _______ active spermatogonia and ______ spermatocytes.

A

mitotically; meiotic

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16
Q

________ cells synthesize testosterone in response to LH.

A

Leydig

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17
Q

Testosterone regulates sexual behavior after what?

A

After being aromatized to estradiol

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18
Q

What is the role of Sertoli cells?

A

Respond to FSH to regulate spermatogenesis and produce inhibin

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19
Q

_______ has negative feedback actions on FSH secretion.

A

Inhibin

20
Q

What cells make up the epithelial lining of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Sertoli cells

21
Q

In the testes, _______ cells respond to FSH; _______ cells respond to LH

A

Sertoli; Leydig

22
Q

What are some effects of T that are important for women?

A
  1. Regulate bone growth
  2. Stimulate muscle growth
  3. Stimulate erythropoiesis
23
Q

How is male pattern baldness treated?

A

5alpha-reductase inhibitors to decrease T -> DHT

DHT thought to be major contributor to baldness

24
Q

T/F: As T decreases with age, most men become sterile.

A

FALSE

T does decrease, but most men remain fertile

25
Q

______ cells surround each follicle and are similar in function to Leydig cells.

A

Theca

26
Q

The _______ cells are the epithelial cells of the follicle.

A

Granulosa

27
Q

_______ cells are present after ovulation, when the theca and granulosa cells are transformed into the cells of the corpus luteum.

A

Luteal

28
Q

Theca cells respond to ___; while granulosa cells respond to ____.

A

LH; FSH

29
Q

What hormone do Theca cells sythesize?

A

Androstenedione

30
Q

Where does androstenedione go once synthesized?

A

Diffuses into granulosa cells and some into systemic circulation

31
Q

What happens to androstendione in the granulosa cell?

A

Androstenedione -> estrone -> estradiol

32
Q

What are the functions of estradiol secreted by the granulosa cells?

A
  1. Regulate oocyte development
  2. Regulate secondary sex characteristics
  3. Regulate bone turnover and arterial function
  4. Inhibits GnRH and LH secretion
33
Q

Along with estradiol, what else is secreted by the granulosa cell?

A

Inhibin: negative feedback on FSH

34
Q

Describe the ovarian cycle.

A
  1. Gonadotropin rise and follicle develops
  2. Increase E2 and inhibin
  3. FSH decrease (via inhibin increase); E2 peak -> LH surge
  4. Meiosis I complete, ovulation, CL formation
  5. Increase E2 and P -> inhibit LH and FSH
  6. CL regression, decrease steroids, LH/FSH rise
35
Q

If pregnancy were to occur, the placenta produces ____.

A

hCG

36
Q

What are the hormonal consequences of menopause?

A
  1. Lose ovarian steroids
  2. Gonadotropin and inhibin secretion very high
  3. Increase reliance on adrenal steroids
37
Q

Which gene on the Y chromosome directs the indifferent gonad to become a testis?

A

SRY

38
Q

What two hormones regulate sexual differentiation of the internal genitalia in males?

A

Testosterone and Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS)

39
Q

What are the roles of T and MIS in developing males?

A

T: stimulates Wolffian duct system which will become tubules of reproductive tract
MIS: causes Mullerian duct system to regress

40
Q

What gonadal steroids are stimulated in the developing female?

A

None. Absence of T causes Wolffian duct to regress. Absence of MIS causes proliferation of Mullerian duct system.

41
Q

What hormone stimulates male external genitalia differentiation?

A

Adrogens: T -> DHT

42
Q

What would happen to a developing male with a 5alpha-reductase deficiency?

A

Less DHT would be developed during development -> no differentiation of external genitalia

Increased T at puberty would complete differentiation

43
Q

Does Congenital adrenal hyperplasia cause problems in developing men or women?

A

Women. Not enough enzyme -> excess androgens.

Women will have male looking external genitalia

44
Q

What is the result of an androgen insensitivity?

A

No functional androgen receptor -> T and DHT cannot function. Leads to XY genotype, but female phenotype

45
Q

During pregnancy, placental ____ stimulates growth of myometrium, and ____ reduces uterine contractility and stimulates vasodilation.

A

E2; P

AU17: Physiology (12 decks)

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