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AU17: Physiology > Adrenal Endocrine > Flashcards

Adrenal Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

How are the adrenal glands developed?

A

Two distinct glands that form one organ during development

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2
Q

The adrenal medulla is derived from _________, and the cortex is derived from ____________.

A

Neural crest cells; mesothelial

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3
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland is part of the nervous system?

A

Medulla (Sympathetic)

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4
Q

What two hormones are released by the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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5
Q

The adrenal medulla acts as a sympathetic ganglion. What takes the place of postsynaptic neurons with axons?

A

Chromaffin cells release epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) into the blood

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6
Q

Beta-adrenergic receptors have a greater affinity for __________ while alpha-adrenergic receptors have a greater affinity for _________.

A

Epinephrine; norepinephrine

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7
Q

Since the adrenal medulla endocrine response is blood born, how might it effect the body differently than a typical neural response?

A

May last longer

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8
Q

What organs and tissues are reached by the adrenal medulla that do not have neural circuits?

A

Liver, skeletal muscle, and fat

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9
Q

What is the main action of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla?

A

Increase availability of metabolic fuel via lipolysis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex from outer to inner?

A
  1. Zona glomerulosa
  2. Zona fasciculata
  3. Zona reticularis
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11
Q

T/F: Most steroid synthesis and secretion in the adrenal cortex is stimulated by ACTH.

A

True

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12
Q

Which zone produces aldosterone?

A

Zona glomerulosa

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13
Q

What is the principle action of aldosterone?

A

Stimulate Na and H2o retention by the kidney to maintain blood volume and pressure

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14
Q

T/F: Active aldosterone will cause an increase in urinary excretion of K and H

A

True

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15
Q

How does aldosterone act in the cell?

A

Creates an aldosterone-receptor complex which binds to DNA

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16
Q

What do the cellular protein products of aldosterone do to the cell?

A

Opens sodium channels from tubular fluid while producing more ATP to activate more Na-K pumps to push more sodium out into the blood

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17
Q

T/F: ACTH is the main regulator for secretion of aldosterone.

A

FALSE

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18
Q

What factors stimulate aldosterone secretion?

A
  1. Increase in Angiotensin II
  2. Increase in plasma K
  3. Decrease in plasma pH
  4. Low blood pressure
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19
Q

When blood pressure is low the adrenal cortex will release ___________ from the zona ____________.

A

Aldosterone; glomerulosa

20
Q

What is the major glucocorticoid?

A

Cortisol

21
Q

What zone of the cortex produces cortisol?

A

Zona fasciculata

22
Q

What is the major effect of cortisol?

A

Increase metabolic fuel availability and use in tissues

23
Q

Cortisol has a negative feedback action on _____ and _____.

A

CRH and ACTH

24
Q

What are the effects of cortisol on the various organs and tissues it acts on?

A

Liver: increase gluconeogenesis
Muscle: increase proteolysis
Fat: increase lipolysis

25
Q

What systemic actions does cortisol have?

A
  1. Decrease glucose uptake
  2. Immune and inflammatory response
  3. Decrease growth and reproductive function
26
Q

Which zone are sex steroids secreted from in the cortex?

A

Zona reticularis

27
Q

The two major sex steroids (androgens) are _________ and __________.

A

DHEA and androstenedione

28
Q

Which androgen has relatively weak androgen action but is a precursor for other sex steroids?

A

DHEA

29
Q

Peripheral concentrations of ________ is a good indicator for overall activity of the adrenal cortex.

A

DHEA

30
Q

_________ provides a non-gonadal source of testosterone and estradiol.

A

Androstenedione

31
Q

When is DHEA a crucial source for reproductive steroids?

A

Pre-puberty and post-menopause

32
Q

T/F: Adrenal sex steroids are stimulated by the same hormones as gonadal sex steroids.

A

FALSE

ACTH stimulates adrenal sex steroids

33
Q

What is the stress axis?

A

Hypothalamus -> anterior pituitary -> adrenal cortex

34
Q

A stress response is a response to a stressor that stimulates hypothalamic ________ neurons and inputs to the _______.

A

CRH; sympathetic nervous system

35
Q

During the stress response, increased secretion of ___________ increases the availability of metabolic fuel and other functions.

A

Cortisol

36
Q

Cortisol has a __________ response and inhibits the actions of _________.

A

Delayed; insulin

37
Q

What is the primary hormone involved with the stress response?

A

Epinephrine

38
Q

T/F: The stress response involves a rapid response involving skeletal muscle stimulation and inhibition.

A

FALSE

Smooth muscle

39
Q

What are the three primary goals of the stress response?

A
  1. Maintain blood pressure
  2. Mobilize and increase availability of metabolic fuel
  3. Inhibit non-essential functions
40
Q

How is the stress response shut off?

A
  1. Removal of stressor

2. Negative feedback of cortisol on CRH and ACTH

41
Q

What are the problems that can relate to a chronic stress response leading to a long period of elevated cortisol levels?

A
  1. Catabolism of glucose substrates
  2. Anti-inflammatory and anti-immune effects
  3. Increased blood lipids -> atherosclerosis and hypertension
42
Q

T/F: There is evidence that certain viral infections can be made worse with activation of the stress response.

A

True

43
Q

What are some symptoms of adrenal insufficiency/Addison’s Disease?

A
  1. Low cortisol and high ACTH
  2. Weakness, decreased appetite
  3. Low blood pressure
  4. Low glucose
  5. Hyperpigmentation
44
Q

How should adrenal insufficiency be treated?

A

Exogenous glucocorticoids and/or dietary control

45
Q

What is the typical cause of hypercortisolinemia/Cushing’s Disease?

A

Pituitary tumor

46
Q

T/F: Cushing’s disease will lead to an increased basal concentrations of cortisol.

A

TRUE

47
Q

What are some symptoms of Cushing’s Disease?

A
  1. Excessive tissue catabolism
  2. Diabetes like symptoms
  3. High blood pressure
  4. Impaired immune function

AU17: Physiology (12 decks)

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