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AU17: Physiology > Respiration I > Flashcards

Respiration I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most critical function of the respiratory system?

A

Provide oxygen to the cells

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2
Q

The elimination of ______ is a function of the respiratory system.

A

CO2

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3
Q

Regulating blood ____ is a function of the respiratory system and goes along with removal of _____ from the blood.

A

pH; CO2

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4
Q

If the respiratory system was not working well, how would the pH in the blood change?

A

Not removing CO2 from the blood -> drop in pH (more acidic blood)

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5
Q

In what three ways does the respiratory system provide microbial defense?

A
  1. Epithelial secretions
  2. Lymphoid tissue in tract
  3. Coughing and sneezing reflexes
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6
Q

T/F: The respiratory system can activate or inactivate chemical messengers in the blood.

A

True

Ex. Convert angiotensin I -> angiotensin II

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7
Q

What role does the respiratory system play in defense against blood clots?

A

Small blood clots get trapped in narrow vessels in lungs and are dissolved

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8
Q

What are the three different zones of the airways?

A
  1. Upper airways: mouth/nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> top of trachea
  2. Conducting zone: trachea -> 1’ bronchi -> 2’ bronchi -> 3’ bronchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles
  3. Respiratory zone: respiratory bronchioles -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs
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9
Q

What is the major difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

A

Bronchi = cartilaginous rings and mucous glands

Bronchioles = no rings or glands; but add smooth muscle

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10
Q

What is different about the respiratory bronchioles?

A

Very thin-walled; have alveoli in walls

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11
Q

T/F: The conducting zone is where gas exchange occurs.

A

FALSE

Respiratory zone

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12
Q

___________ creates parallel airways to maintain airflow and minimize increasing resistance to airflow.

A

Branching

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13
Q

In the respiratory zone, microbial defense is provided by _____________.

A

Pulmonary macrophages

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14
Q

In the conducting zone, _____________ secrete mucus to trap airborne particles and pathogens.

A

Goblet cells

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15
Q

What structure on epithelial cells moves mucus to the pharynx?

A

Cilia

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16
Q

What happens to the air in the conducting zone?

A

Air is warmed and moistened

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17
Q

Cystic fibrosis impairs the normal function of the __________ zone.

A

Conducting

Impaired Cl- channel causes thick and dry mucous -> airways become obstructed

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18
Q

Airflow is regulated by ______________.

A

Bronchiolar smooth muscle

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19
Q

What characteristics of the alveoli make them well-suited for optimizing gas exchange?

A
  1. High surface area
  2. Highly vascularized
  3. Respiratory surface very thin
  4. Low rate of blood flow (time for exchange)
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20
Q

What are the three types of cells in the alveoli?

A
  1. Type I - epithelial; gas exchange
  2. Type II - secrete surfactant
  3. Macrophages - immune
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21
Q

The alveolar sacs are _____ in diameter.

A

0.5 micrometers

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22
Q

T/F: Respiratory gases diffuse easily through plasma membranes, but less easily through body fluids.

A

True

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23
Q

What is a respiratory gas?

A

Small non-polar molecule that diffuses down a concentration gradient

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24
Q

T/F: O2 has a higher solubility than CO2.

A

FALSE

CO2 = 77 mmol/L
O2 = 2.2 mmol/L
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25
Q

What is the path of O2 once it gets to the alveolus?

A

Apical membrane, cytoplasm, and basal membrane of Type I cell -> basal lamina and connective tissue -> basal membrane, cytoplasm, apical membrane of endothelial cell -> plasma

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26
Q

What is the final destination of O2?

A

Mitochondria in various tissues

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27
Q

What are the two layers of the pleural sac?

A

Parietal (outer): adheres to thoracic wall and diaphragm

Visceral (inner): converts the outer surface of lung

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28
Q

The space between the parietal and visceral pleuras is the __________.

A

Pleural sac

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29
Q

What happens to the intracellular fluid as the thoracic cage expands and contracts?

A

Experiences pressure changes

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30
Q

________ is required to bring freshly oxygenated air into the lungs.

A

Ventilation

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31
Q

Ventilation relies on __________ differences between the air in the lungs and the air outside of the lungs.

A

pressure

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32
Q

What is the equation for air flow?

A

pressure gradient/resistance in airway

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33
Q

Define the pressure gradient that is a part of the flow function.

A

The difference between gas pressure in the lung and atmospheric pressure

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34
Q

T/F: During expiration alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.

A

True

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35
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

Describes how changing the volume of the lung will change the pressure

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36
Q

During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals ________. What effect does this have?

A

contract; lowers floor of cavity and raises ribcage -> increased volume

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37
Q

During expiration, the diaphragm and external intercostals _______. What effect does this have?

A

relax; raises floor of cavity and lowers ribcage -> reduces volume

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38
Q

T/F: Intrapleural pressure is always subatmospheric.

A

True

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39
Q

T/F: As transplueral pressure increases so does lung volume.

A

True

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40
Q

Describe inhalation with pressure changes.

A

Intraplueral pressure decreases -> transpleural pressure increases -> air fills expanded lungs until it again matches atmospheric pressure

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41
Q

Describe exhalation with pressure changes.

A

Intraplueral pressure increases (approaches 0) -> transpleural pressure decreases -> air leaves lungs until it again matches atmospheric pressure

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42
Q

T/F: Forced inspiration and expiration are simply a result of muscles working harder.

A

False

Additional muscles are involved

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43
Q

A __________ occurs when the lung or pleural sac is punctured.

A

pneumothorax

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44
Q

What is the difference between an closed, open, and tension pneumothorax?

A 
Closed = punctured lung; pleural pressure < 0
Open = punctured cavity; pleural pressure =0
Tension = punctured cavity but air can't escape so pressure > 0
45
Q

What is lung compliance?

A

Defines the lungs “stretchiness” as its change in volume for a given change in pressure

46
Q

If lung elasticity is ______ the lung volume will increase rapidly per unit change in pressure.

A

high

47
Q

What are the two factors contributing to lung compliance?

A
  1. Elasticity

2. Surface tension

48
Q

What is surface tension?

A

Static forces that pull water molecules together align the molecules so that there is a net negative charge facing the surface. This creates a net force pushing down into the water

49
Q

T/F: The smallest alveoli are at the greatest risk for collapsing.

A

True

Most surface tension

50
Q

T/F: The surface tension in the alveoli pulls the walls inward.

A

True

51
Q

What is produced by Type II cells to reduce surface tension?

A

Surfactant

52
Q

________ is an amphipathic phospholipid + protein molecule that forms a monolayer between ___________.

A

Surfactant; air and water

53
Q

T/F: Surfactant is pushed to the bottom of water.

A

FALSE

Hydrophillic/hydrophobic interactions keep surfactant at the surface

54
Q

Surfactant reduces surface tension by _________ density of H2O molecules.

A

decreasing

55
Q

T/F: Surfactant will increase compliance by decreasing surface tension.

A

True

56
Q

How is surfactant production regulated?

A

Stretch receptors in Type II cells; will increase during deep breathing

57
Q

What is the most important factor in lung compliance?

A

Overcoming surface tension

58
Q

What is the 2nd leading cause of death in premature infants?

A

Acute respiratory distress

59
Q

What happens during acute respiratory distress?

A

Insufficient surfactant production -> lungs resist expansion

60
Q

What is the major determinant of airway resistance?

A

Tube radius

61
Q

What are some other factors that affect resistance?

A
  1. Transpulmonary pressure
  2. Elasticity of tissue
  3. Neural and chem control of smooth muscle
62
Q

How does an increased resistance effect breathing?

A

Breath more deeply and more slowly

63
Q

How does a decreased lung compliance affect breathing?

A

Breath more rapidly and shallowly

64
Q

How does asthma effect breathing capabilities?

A

Increased resistance because of inappropriate muscle contraction

65
Q

How is asthma treated?

A

Glucocorticoid and bronchodilators

66
Q

How does COPD affect breathing?

A

Increases airway resistance

67
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

V entering lungs per breath at rest

68
Q

What is the inspiratory reserve volume?

A

Max V inspired. Often about 6x tidal volume

69
Q

What is the expiratory reserve volume?

A

V exhaled beyond the tidal volume. About 3x tidal volume

70
Q

What is residual volume?

A

V in lungs after maximum exhalation. Roughly 1 L.

71
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

IRV + ERV + TV

Maximum amount of air that can be inspired after maximum expiration. About 5L

72
Q

What is FEV1?

A

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

73
Q

During obstructive pulmonary disease, ________ is decreased while _________ remains normal.

A

FEV1; VC

74
Q

During restrictive lung disease, ________ is decreased while _________ remains normal.

A

VC; FEV1

75
Q

What is dead space?

A

Reduces the amount of fresh air reaching the alveoli

76
Q

What is the best estimate of how much air reaches the alveoli?

A

Alveolar ventilation = (TV - dead space) x respiratory rate

77
Q

How can you increase alveolar ventilation?

A
  1. Increase resp rate

2. Increase TV (most effective)

78
Q

T/F: There is always some alveolar dead space.

A

True

79
Q

What is the difference between anatomical, alveolar, and physiologic dead spaces?

A

Anatomical: in the airway
Alveolar: in the alveolus
Physiologic: sum of the other two

80
Q

What is external respiration?

A

gas exchange between air and blood in pulmonary capillaries

81
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gas exchange between blood in systemic capillaries and cells

82
Q

What are the five steps of respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. External respiration
  3. Gas transport
  4. Internal respiration
  5. Cellular respiration
83
Q

What is Dalton’s Law of gases?

A

Total pressure equals the some of individual pressures

84
Q

T/F: Partial pressures will vary with altitude.

A

True

85
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

Amount of gas dissolved in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas in equilibrium with the liquid

86
Q

How can you affect pressure inside an alveolus by changing surface tension or radius?

A

Increase pressure by increasing surface tension or decreasing radius

87
Q

Why does resistance go down as air goes from medium sized bronchi towards the terminal bronchioles?

A

Branching

88
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity plus residual volume

89
Q

Describe how anatomical dead space causes problems with ventilation?

A

Anatomical dead space air counts for air getting inspired into the alveolus. So, if you are inspiring a small amount of air, the dead space unoxygenated air will take up a higher percentage of space in the alveolus

90
Q

Why is increasing tidal volume typically more effective than increasing respiratory rate?

A

Typically when increasing rr you lower the tv. This allows for the dead space air to take up a higher percentage of alveolar space per breath. Not as efficient as increasing TV

91
Q

What can cause alveolar dead space?

A

Reduced or missing bloodflow to the alveoli

92
Q

Why is there always some alveolar dead space?

A

Gravity plus vascular resistance

93
Q

T/F: The top of the lung has the most efficient ventilation.

A

False

Bottom of lung due to more blood flow to alveoli

94
Q

T/F: The partial pressure of gas in a liquid is equivalent to its concentration in the liquid.

A

FALSE

95
Q

T/F: CO2 is much more soluble in liquid than oxygen.

A

True

96
Q

What happens to the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 after internal respiration?

A

PP of O2 goes down

PP of CO2 goes up

Makes sense because O2 is consumed by cells and CO2 is put into the blood from cell waste

97
Q

What are the three major determinants of O2 partial pressure in the alveolus?

A
  1. Atmospheric O2
  2. Rate of alveolar ventilation
  3. Rate of cellular O2 consumption
98
Q

T/F: Only gas that is contributing to the partial pressure can diffuse.

A

True

99
Q

How does the body regulate alveolar gas pressures?

A

Altered ventilation and metabolism together

100
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

Decreased ventilation relative to metabolism

101
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Ventilation increased relative to metabolism

102
Q

T/F: Hyperventilation occurs during exercise.

A

FALSE

Increased metabolism with the increased ventilation - not hyperventilation

103
Q

Pulmonary edema, fibrosis of tissue between alveoli and capillaries, and strenuous exercise all alter gas exchange through which method?

A

Decreased diffusion from alveoli to blood

Fluid in lung (edema), thickening of wall (fibrosis), faster blood flow (exercise)

104
Q

T/F: Diseases resulting in impaired diffusion will cause excess CO2.

A

False.

Will impair O2 not CO2 because CO2 is more soluble

105
Q

What is the bodies response to limited air flow in certain alveoli?

A

Vasoconstriction of capillaries to those alveoli so blood can be shunted to fully functional alveoli

106
Q

What is the bodies reaction to decreased blood flow to certain alveoli?

A

Drop in alveolar CO2 will cause bronchoconstriction so air is diverted to other alveoli

107
Q

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 leaving the lung?

A

O2 = 100 mmHg

CO2 = 40 mmHg

108
Q

What are the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 in the systemic veins?

A

O2 = 40 mmHg

CO2 = 46 mmHg

AU17: Physiology (12 decks)

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