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AU17: Physiology > Growth and Diabetes > Flashcards

Growth and Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: The endocrine system is the principle factor controlling growth.

A

FALSE

Genetics

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2
Q

What determines final height?

A

Rate of bone growth

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3
Q

Various factors effecting growth include…

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Nutrition
  3. Freedom from disease
  4. Endocrine
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4
Q

What are the hormones in the growth axis?

A

GHRH -> GH -> IGF-1

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5
Q

____ is necessary for fetal growth, while ____ becomes important later in development.

A

IGF-1; GH

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6
Q

_______ is required for synthesis of GH and manifestation of GH effects.

A

Thyroid hormone

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7
Q

Which glucose-regulating hormones help control growth?

A
  1. Glucocorticoids: inhibit GHRH

2. Insulin: oppose GH and IGF-1

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8
Q

T/F: Gonadal steroids (T and E2) have a role in growth.

A

True

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9
Q

At puberty, the epiphyseal plates ossify due to actions of which hormone?

A

E2

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10
Q

To promote GH secretion the hypothalamus will _______ GHRH secretion and ________ SS secretion.

A

increase; decrease

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11
Q

What are the effects of GH?

A
  1. Stimulates cell division
  2. Stimulates protein synthesis
  3. Acts in opposition to insulin
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12
Q

What is the principle indirect effect of GH on growth?

A

Stimulate secretion of IGF-1 from the liver and other tissues

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13
Q

What is the short-loop feedback effect on GH?

A

IGF-1 inhibits GH secretion

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14
Q

What is the long-loop feedback effect on GH?

A

IGF-1 inhibits GHRH and stimulates SS

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15
Q

_____ is elevated during sleep, while _____ is elevated during the day.

A

GHRH; SS

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16
Q

How can malnutrition impede growth?

A

Impairs IGF-1 synthesis independent of GH

17
Q

What is the result of sex steroids on GH and IGF-1?

A

Sex steroids stimulate GH and IGF-1, but ultimately cause the fusion of epiphyseal plates

18
Q

What effects do cortisol/glucocorticoids have on growth?

A

Inhibit growth

19
Q

What is the key determinant of the effects of GH?

A

AGE

Effective early on; negligent or maybe detrimental later in life

20
Q

______ results from prepubertal onset of excess GH; _______ results from postpubertal onset of excess GH.

A

Gigantism; Acromegaly

21
Q

What dental effects can excess GH have?

A

Macroglossia, increased spacing and tilting, enlarged salivary glands, excess cementum

22
Q

How can you treat someone with GH insensitivity/Dwarfism?

A

Exogenous IGF-1

23
Q

What are some considerations for dental patients with GH insufficiency?

A

Delayed tooth shedding and replacement, decreased salivary function leading to more caries and perio problems

24
Q

T/F: Insulin is an anabolic hormone that acts to store nutrients.

A

True

25
Q

What causes insulin to be released in normal patients?

A

Increase in blood glucose and signals from parasympathetics

26
Q

What inhibits insulin secretion?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

27
Q

Which diabetes is an autoimmune disorder where pancreatic beta cells are destroyed resulting in reduced production of insulin?

A

Type I

28
Q

What is Type II diabetes?

A

Combination of insulin resistance and deficiency

29
Q

What are some common symptoms of diabetes?

A
  1. Elevated glucose concentrations
  2. Polyuria
  3. Fatigue
  4. Blurred vision
30
Q

What are some common complications with diabetes?

A
  1. Kidney failure
  2. Vascular disease
  3. Blindness
  4. Skin and mucosal infections
  5. Perio disease
31
Q

What might help Type I diabetics during long procedures?

A

Snacks

AU17: Physiology (12 decks)

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