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AU17: Physiology > Endocrine Central Control > Flashcards

Endocrine Central Control Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: The glands are what give specificity to the endocrine system.

A

FALSE

Target cells impart specificity

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2
Q

Organs in the endocrine system are called ________.

A

Glands

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3
Q

How does the endocrine system differ from the nervous system?

A
  1. Route of communication: hormones via blood

2. Onset and duration of effects: delayed onset and prolonged effect

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4
Q

T/F: Most hormones are peptides.

A

TRUE

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5
Q

Steroids are _______ hormones and are all derived from ___________.

A

Lipid; cholesterol

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6
Q

What are the four steps of peptide hormone synthesis and secretion?

A
  1. Synthesis: preprohormone -> prohormone
  2. Packaging: Prohormone -> Hormone
  3. Storage
  4. Secretion
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7
Q

T/F: Steroid synthesizing cells can store steroids before releasing them.

A

FALSE

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8
Q

Describe the process of synthesizing a steroid.

A
  1. Peptide stimulus activates G protein receptor
  2. Adenyl cyclase increases cAMP -> activates PKA -> activates cholesterol esterase
  3. Cholesterol esterase frees intracellular cholesterol
  4. StAR shuttles cholesterol to mitochondria
  5. Various enzymes act on cholesterol in mitochondria and smooth ER
  6. Steroid is released (NOT STORED)
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9
Q

What are the three classifications of hormones?

A
  1. Peptides - small proteins
  2. Steroids - lipid hormones
  3. Amines - from tyrosine
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10
Q

Thyroid hormones are what classification of hormone?

A

Amines

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11
Q

T/F: Steroids and thyroid hormones are lipid soluble.

A

TRUE

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12
Q

What classification of hormones have the most diverse effects?

A

Amines

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13
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine release into extra cellular fluid

Exocrine release via a duct/tube

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14
Q

T/F: Most of the hormones in the body are ___________ hormones.

A

Peptide

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15
Q

T/F: Human insulin and dog insulin will have the same chemical structure.

A

False

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16
Q

What is the purpose of adding sugar to peptides?

A

Slow down the breakdown of the peptide

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17
Q

T/F: Some peptides can be both hormones and neurotransmitters.

A

TRUE

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18
Q

Compare steroids with peptides.

A

Peptides: amino acids, water soluble, can be stored, variable in size

Steroids: cholesterol, lipid soluble, small, not variable

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19
Q

What are the largest sources of steroid production?

A
  1. Gonads
  2. Adrenal cortex
  3. Placenta
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20
Q

What is the main source of intracellular cholesterol?

A

LDL droplets

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21
Q

What are the catecholamines? Name the three common catecholamines and where they are made.

A

Peptide-like amine hormones

Norepinephrine: adrenal medulla
Epinephrine: adrenal medulla
Dopamine: hypothalamus

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22
Q

What are eicosanoids derived from?

A

Arachidonic acid

23
Q

When are eicosanoids typically expressed?

A

Any cell when it is stressed

24
Q

Aspirin inhibits the production of ___________.

A

Eicosanoids

25
Q

T/F: Most hormones are released at a constant rate.

A

FALSE

Pulsating pattern

26
Q

Hormone secretion can be broken down into two patterns: a __________ pattern (24 hours) and a _________ pattern (hourly).

A

Circadian; pulsating

27
Q

What three factors control patterns of secretion?

A
  1. Plasma concentrations of a nutrient (ex. calcium regulation)
  2. Neural control
  3. Hormonal control
28
Q

T/F: Peptides need carrier proteins to travel through the blood.

A

FALSE

Lipid soluble hormones need carrier proteins

29
Q

What would be the benefit of a water soluble hormone using a carrier protein?

A

Small hydrophilic hormones (catecholamines) use carrier proteins to protect from degradation

30
Q

What two organs are important for metabolism and excretion of hormones?

A

Liver and kidneys

31
Q

T/F: Some hormones can be activated by metabolism while others are inactivated by metabolism.

A

TRUE

32
Q

What are the three most important factors for a hormone response?

A
  1. Amount secreted
  2. How quickly its cleared from the blood
  3. Receptor expression
33
Q

How do peptides and catecholamines act on a cell?

A

Bind to surface proteins.

Too large and lipophobic to pass membrane

34
Q

__________ responses open ion channels; _________ responses alter cell activity.

A

Ionotropic; metabotropic

35
Q

T/F: Ianotropic responses are often rapid, while metabotropic are sometimes delayed.

A

TRUE

36
Q

Where are the receptors for steroid and thyroid hormones?

A

In the cell or nucleus

37
Q

Describe a typical steroid response.

A

Steroid passes through membrane -> binds to receptor -> receptor-steroid complex enters nucleus and regulates transcription

38
Q

T/F: Steroid responses are most often rapid.

A

FALSE

Delayed

39
Q

T/F: There are no steroid receptors on the membrane.

A

FALSE

Some have been discovered but are rare

40
Q

What are the two most important parts of the brain for endocrine function?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland

41
Q

What is found inside the hypothalamus?

A

Various clusters of neuronal cells all with separate functions.

42
Q

Where is the anterior pituitary gland derived from?

A

Oral ectoderm from the roof of the mouth

43
Q

Where is the posterior pituitary gland derived from?

A

Floor of hypothalamus

Hangs from infundibulum

44
Q

What two hormones are released from the posterior pituitary?

A

Oxytocin and vasopressin

Made in hypothalamus (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei); secreted in posterior pituitary

45
Q

T/F: No hormones are produced in the posterior pituitary.

A

TRUE

Just secretion

46
Q

What are the functions of oxytocin and vasopressin?

A

Oxytocin: smooth muscle contraction

Vasopressin: increase blood pressure

47
Q

What is the relationship between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamus sends regulating hormones to anterior pituitary; typically stimulate releases of hormone from ant pituitary

48
Q

Name the six hormones produced and released in the anterior pituitary.

A
  1. ACTH
  2. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  3. Growth Hormone (GH)
  4. Luetinizing hormone (LH)
  5. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
  6. Prolactin
    7and8. POMC hormones
49
Q

What are the two inhibitory hypophysiotropic hormones?

A
  1. Somatostatin - GH

2. Dopamine - prolactin

50
Q

T/F: All hypophysiotropic hormones are peptides.

A

FALSE

51
Q

What HPT hormone stimulates release of ACTH?

A

Corticotropin-releasing hormone

52
Q

Which HPT hormone stimulates the release of LH and FSH?

A

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

53
Q

What is the difference between the short-loop and long-loop feedback systems for regulating pituitary and hormone activity?

A

Long-loop: target organ down regulates pituitary or hypothalamus

Short-loop: pituitary gland down regulates hypothalamus

54
Q

T/F: Negative feedback mechanisms return hormone concentrations to normal.

A

TRUE

AU17: Physiology (12 decks)

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