Respiration And Gas Exchange Y9 Flashcards
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose+ oxygen —> carbon dioxide +water
What is the balanced symbol equation for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O6 +6O2 —> 6H20 +6CO2
What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals?
Glucose —> lactic acid
When is anaerobic respiration used?
Only used if there is no oxygen present( or cannot be supplied fast enough for the energy requirement.
How do animals break down lactic acid
Reacting it with oxygen
What is oxygen debt
Amount of oxygen needed to break down lactic acid
Equation for oxygen debt
Lactic acid+oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water
What are the two parts to anaerobic respiration?
- Glucose to lactic acid
- Then lactic acid and oxygen to carbon dioxide and water
Word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and fungi
Glucose — > ethanol + carbon dioxide
2 uses of anaerobic respiration in yeast
- Breadmakeing
- Brewing/wine making —> alcohol is produced by fermentation
Order of organisation within the body
Organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ system , organism
How to calculate percentage change?
New-old
————-
Old
What is respiration?
The release of energy from glucose in the form of ATP which is a chemical reaction.
What is ATP?
ATP is the energy currency that cells use to carry out functions.
What does the germinating seed experiment show?
It shows that respiration releases heat
How does the germinating seed experiment work?
Germinating seeds get put into a thermal flask with cotton wool at the top and a thermometer inside.
The same is done but with boiled seeds instead.
The germinating seeds respire so the temperature increases.
The boiled seeds are dead and therefore not respiring so their temperature stays the same.
What detects CO2
Hydrogen-carbonate indicator
Explain the yeast experiment
- Label balloons 40°, 20°, and 0°.
- Add 20 ml yeast mixture to 3 boiling tubes.
- Cover all three test tubes with a balloon.
- Place one test tube in a 40° water bath, one in a test tube rack (20°), and one in a large beaker filled with ice and water (0°).
Wait for 35 min before recording results.
What happens to the balloons in the yeast experiment?
The 0degree balloon didn’t inflate
The 20 slightly inflated
The 40 inflated and was standing upright
How could you change the yeast experiment so that it could be measured in quantitative data?
Measure the diameter of the balloon
Use a gas syringe- measure volume of gas in balloon.
Definition of diffusion
The random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until dynamic equilibrium is reached
Purpose of cell wall
To provide support
Purpose of nucleus
Controls cell activities and holds dna of cell
What does the yeast experiment show
That’s heat produces energy and the more energy the more respiration therefore more CO2 is produced, that causes the balloon to inflate.
Purpose of chloroplast
Absorb light for photosynthesis
Purpose of permant vacuole
Contains cell sap
Purpose of cell membrane
Controls entry in and out of cell
Purpose of cytoplasm
Where chemical reactions take place
Purpose of mitochondria
Releases energy in respiration
Purpose of ribosomes
Where protein synthesis occurs
What is the definition of a tissue?
A group of cells that work together to carry out a specific task.
What is the function of the upper epidermas?
Covers the plant and protects it. Transparent so allows light to pass through to the palisade layer
What is the function of waxy cuticle
Waterproofs the surface to reduce water loss
What is the function of the palisade mesophyll
Where most photosynthesis occurs as cell contains many chloroplasts. Cells are found near the top of the leaf and are elongated to absorb as much light as possible.
What is the function of the spongy mesophyll
Irregular shaped cells -so they have large air spaces. This allows gases to diffuse easily and quickly from stomata to palisade layer. Contains some chloroplasts so some photosynthesis occurs.
What is the function of the guard cells
They open and close the stomata to control water loss
What is the function of the stomata
Pore where carbon dioxide can diffuse into the leaf and oxygen can diffuse out.
What is the function of the xylem cells
Transports water and minerals from the roots to leaves and stems
What is the function of the phloem tubes
Carries dissolved sugars from the leaves to all parts of the plant
Look at diagram of leaf
Ok
Why have leaves evolved adaptions to aid the uptake of carbon dioxide
In order to carry out photosynthesis, plants must have an adequate supply of carbon dioxide
There is only roughly 0.036% CO2 in the atmosphere, so efficient gas exchange is necessary
Which structures of the leaf might help with the uptake of CO2
Stomata- pores and holes on underside of leaf allows for gas exchange
Where does gas exchange occur in plants
Through the stomata in the leaves
How do the gases move in gas exchanges
By diffusion
During photosynthesis what enters and exits the leaf
Carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits
During respiration what enters and exits the leaf
Oxygen enters and carbon dioxide exits
When does respiration occur
24hours a day
When does photosynthesis occur
Whenever there is sunlight
What does the net exchange of gases depend on
How much light there is
5 leaf adaptions for gas exchange
- Wide so large area for gas exchange
- Thin so short diffusion distance
- Air spaces allow for gases to easily move to all cells
- Lots of stomata
5.plant can control the opening and closing of stomata using the guard cells
Where is the site of gas exchange
Alveoli
What are the alveoli surrounded by
Blood vessels and capillaries
What is it called when the leaf has a lot of water
Turgid
What is called when the leaf doesn’t have much water
Flacid
Based on what do gases diffuse into and out of
Concentration gradient
Where does the oxygenated blood travels to
Back to the heart to be pumped around the body
What do the blood capillaries carry
Deoxygenated blood
How does gas exchange happen in alveoli
Each alveoli is surrounded by blood capillaries.
These carry deoxygenated blood.
The carbon dioxide that is carried by the blood diffuses into the alveoli to be exhaled.
The oxygen diffuses into the blood from the alveoli to the red blood cells.
4 alveoli adaptions for gas exchange
- They have a large surface area for diffusion
- They are moist to help dissolve gases and increase diffusion rate
- A strong blood supply to maintain a steep diffusion gradient between the alveoli and the blood
- Thin walls so there is a short diffusion distance between the air and the blood which increases diffusion rate.
What is the function of the trachea
Tube with incomplete rings of cartilage carries air to lungs. Lined with cells making mucus and cells with cilia to move the mucus away.
What is the function of the bronchi
Carries air to lungs
What is the function of the bronchioles
Carry air to alveoli
What is the function of the alveoli
Tiny air sacs adapted for gas exchange
What is the function of the diaphragm
Sheet of muscle which is domed, it he,so make breathing movements and separates the thorax from the abdomen
What is the function of the ribs
Bones that protect and ventilate the lungs
What is the function of the intercostal muscles
Move ribs for ventilation (breathing)
What is the function of the pleural membranes
Thin moist membranes forming an airtight seal around the lungs and separating inside of the thorax from lungs
What is the chest also known as
The thorax
What separates the thorax from the lungs by
Two pleural membranes
What do the two pleural membranes form around the lungs
Airtight seal
What is the gap between the pleural membranes called
Pleural space
What is the pleural space filled with
Pleural fluid
What does the pleural fluid act as
A lubricant between the lungs and the inside of the chest-stops friction and lungs sticking together
What do internal and external intercostal muscles do
They contract and relax
They help the ribs move up and out during breathing
What happens to the diaphragm when inhaling
Contracts-flattens, moves downwards
What happens to the intercostal muscles when inhaling
Contracts
What happens to the rib cage when inhaling
Moves up and out
What happens to the volume of the lungs when inhaling
Increases
What happens to the pressure in the lungs when inhaling
Decreases
What happens to the movement of air when inhaling
Into the lungs
What happens to the diagram when exhaling
Relaxes-dome shaped, moves upwards
What happens to the intercostal muscles when exhaling
Relaxes
What happens to the rib cage when exhaling
Moves down
What happens to the volume of the lungs when exhaling
Decreases
What happens to the pressure in the lungs when exhaling
Increases
What happens to the movement of air when exhaling
Out of the lungs
What are the two principal muscular contractions which cause air to be inhaled?
Diaphragm and incostal muscles
What is ventilation
Physical process of air moving in and out of lungs
Definition of gas exchange
Passive movement or transfer of gases across a surface (usually the cell membrane)
Six steps of exhalation
- Diaphragm relaxes returns to dome shape.upwards
- Intercostal muscles relax
3.chest moves down and end.
4.Volume of the thorax decreases.
5.Pressure increases.
6.Air move from high to low pressure which is out of the lungs.
What is the independent variable in the breathing rate experiment
Intensity / during of exercise
What is the dependent variable in the breathing rate experiment
Number of breaths in a minute. Breathing rate (breaths per minute) count the number of breaths
What is the control variables in the breathing rate experiment
Type of exercise done
Age, gender, fitness of participant
Ambient temperature
Surface exercising on
Explain why the more we exercise the higher our breathing rate is
The more exercise done the faster the breathing rate.
This is because as we exercise our muscles contract more, which requires more energy.
To release this energy, we aerobically respire more .
To do this more oxygen is required so breathing rate increases .
This also helps to remove more carbon dioxide and prevent anaerobic respiration and lactic acid buildup .
What does valid mean
Was it a fair test
What is reliability
Repeats
What is accuracy
How it was measured
Two parts of the breathing system, where the chemicals in smoke can destroy the cilia.
Lungs and airways
What is the effect of damaged cilia
It no longer sweeps up mucus
Blocked airways and lungs
Bacteria buildup in the mucus
Why do smokers have smokers cough?
The smoke irritates the lining of the air passages
Stimulating the cells to discrete more mucus
The sticky mucus blocks the airways
The cough is to clear mucus
What is coronary heart disease
Is when you get fatty deposits in the wall of the coronary arteries which normally supply your heart with oxygen.
Eventually, these can get blocked entirely by clot and oxygen will not get to the heart .
This is a heart attack
What happens to the walls of the alveoli when they are damaged by smoke?
They bust and fused together forming enlarged irregular airspaces. Lower surface are less room for gas exchange
What is called when alveoli fuse together
Emphysema
What is a cancer causing chemical called
Carcinogens
What is a tumour?
When cells mutate and started to divide uncontrollably
What is the ingredient in cigarettes that causes lung cancer?
Tar
Why smoking hard to give up?
They have nicotine, which is addictive.
What are drugs which increase the speed of reactions called?
Stimulants
What are drugs which decrease the speed of reaction called?
Depressants
Effect of breathing in carbon monoxide on the blood
- Binds with haemoglobin.
- Instead of oxygen.
- Dizziness, shortness of breath.
- less aerobic respiration
What does tobacco contain that reduces the oxygen carrying ability of blood?
Carbon monoxide
