Physiology Y8 Flashcards
What is the 8 life processes?
Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
Control
Definition of breathing
Physical process of bringing in oxygen
Definition of respiration
Chemical process of breathing in oxygen
What’s the difference between breathing and respiration?
Breathing is a physical process and respiration is chemical process
Equation for aerobic respiration
Glucose+Oxygen—> carbon dioxide + water(+energy)
Where does glucose come from?
Food
How do gases get in and out of our bodies?
When we breathe
What percentage of inhaled air is oxygen?
20%
What percentage of inhaled air is carbon dioxide?
0.04%
What percentage of inhaled air is nitrogen?
79%
What percentage of exhaled air is oxygen?
16%
What percentage of exhaled air is carbon dioxide?
4%
What percentage of exhaled air is nitrogen?
79%
What is breathing in called?
Inhalation(inspiration)
What is breathing out called?
Exhalation( expiration)
Is breathing performed consciously or unconsciously and what does it mean?
Humans can breathe unconsciously which means it can be performed without humans having to think about it
What happens to intercostal muscles when breathing in (inhalation)?
Contract
What happens to ribs when breathing in (inhalation)?
Move up
What happens to diaghram muscles when breathing in (inhalation)?
Contract
What happens to diaphragm when breathing in (inhalation)?
Lowers
What happens to volume of chest when breathing in (inhalation)?
Increases
What happens to pressure int the chest when breathing in (inhalation)?
Decreases
What happens to air pressure in lungs (compared to the atmosphere )when breathing in (inhalation)?
The air pressure inside the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure
does air rush in or out when breathing in (inhalation)?
In
What happens to intercostal muscles when breathing out (exhalation)?
Relax
What happens to ribs when breathing out (exhalation)?
Down
What happens to diaphragm muscles when breathing out (exhalation)?
Relaxes
What happens to diaphragm when breathing out (exhalation)?
Raises
What happens to volume of the chest when breathing out (exhalation)?
Decreases
Will the air pressure be greater or lower than the atmospheric pressure when breathing out (exhalation)?
Greater
Does air rush in or out of the lungs during breathing out(exhalation)
Out
Definition of diffusion
When molecules move from area of high-pressure to an area of low pressure
What are the four different types of synovial joints?
Immovable joint, slightly movable joint, hinge joints and a ball and socket joint
What is a ball and socket joint?(3)
There is a rounded end of the bone that fits inside a cup shaped ending of another bone. Socket joints allow movement in all directions to 0 rotation they are the most mobile joints in the body.
Example of ball and socket joint
Shoulder or hip
What is a hinge joint?
Only allow movement forwards and backwards
Example of hinge joint
Knee or elbow
What is a fixed joint?
The bones are held together by tough fibres. There are several fuse together to form a rigid structure that does not move.
Another name for fixed joints
Immovable joints or fibrous joint
Example of fixed joint
Skull or pelvis
 example of slightly movable joint
Spine
What does the Alveoli do?
The alveolus is the site of gas exchange.
Oxygen levels into the blood and the alveoli cells.
Carbon dioxide moves out of the blood from the alveoli
Features of alveoli(4)
-good blood supply
-large surface area
-thin walls of alveolus and capillary
-moist
Where is the breathing system found?
In the thorax
Why is having a blood supply a good feature for alveoli?
Transports the gases( oxygen in red blood cells and Carbon Dioxide in plasma)
Why is having a large surface area a good feat for alveoli?
More diffusion can happen
Why is having thin walls a good feature for alveoli?
Short distance for gases to diffuse quicker
Why is being moist a good feature for alveoli?
Gas is dissolve and moisture which helps diffusion
What’s the two main functions of blood?
- Transport of gases: nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and heat
- Defence against disease (e.g fighting of microbes such as bacteria and viruses)
What is blood?
A tissue consisting of cells suspended in a fluid(the blood plasma)
What are red blood cells roles?
To transport oxygen around the body
What percentage of blood is red blood cells?
45%
What are features of red blood cells and why are they good?
- Biconcave-(dipped) in both sides which increases the surface area to absorb oxygen
- Contains haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.
- No nucleus -more room for haemoglobin
What is the role of white blood cells?
To protect us against pathogens(disease causing organisms) and to produce antibodies
What are pathogens?
Disease is causing organisms
What’s the features of white blood cells?
1.Phagocytes-can chain shape to engulf microbes and digest them
2.lymphocytes-can produce antibodies to neutralise microbes
What is the role of a platelet?
To help our blood to clot e.g when we caught ourselves to stop bleeding the plate that help the blood clot
Features of platelets
They are so fragment so they don’t have any nucleus
They are very small 2 to 3 micro meters
How many micro meters make a millimetre?
1000
What is plasma?
It is a solvent
Other molecules and ions will dissolve in it
It transports molecules and irons
What are the different types of muscles?
Smooth,cardiac and skeletal
Where is the smooth muscle found?
Wall of gut
What is involuntary movement?
When you don’t have to think about it for it to happen, it naturally happens on its own e.g breathing
Where is the cardiac muscle found?
Heart
Where is the skeletal muscle found?
Attached to bones
Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?
Involuntary
Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary
What is voluntary movement?
When you have to think about it to happen e.g moving your hand
How do muscles help us move?(4)
-Muscles transfer force to bones through tendons
-move our bones and associated body parts by pulling on them. This process is called muscle contraction.
-However muscle contraction cannot act to push the bone back into its original position
-because of this muscles work in antagonistic pairs.
What are the two things muscles can do?
Contract and relax
What happens to the muscle when they contract?
Get shorter
What happens to the muscle when it relaxes again?
Pulled longer again
What do muscles work in?
Antagonistic muscle peurs
What is it called when muscles move parts of our bones and body parts by pulling on them?
Muscle contraction
How do antagonistic muscle pairs work?
-One muscle of the pair contracts to move the body part
-The other muscles in the pair then contract to bring the body parts back to its original position
-Antagonistic muscle path as one muscle contracts the other relaxes
What type of skeletons do vertebrates have?
And internal skeleton also known as an endoskeleton
What type of skeleton do some invertebrates have? )
(Such as arthropods)
An external skeleton called an exoskeleton
What do some invertebrates such as worms have instead of a skeleton?
A hydrostatic skeleton which consists of a fluid filled cavity which allows the animal to move
What are the two types of skeleton that an invertebrate could have?
An external skeleton(exoskeleton) or a hydrostatic skeleton
Exoskeleton properties
-arthropod skeletons are quite Bridget therefore an animal can only grow until it fills fills is existing exoskeleton.
In order to grow an arthropod needs to shed its exoskeleton to form a new one. This is called malting. Without the exoskeleton animal is much more vulnerable.
Endoskeleton properties
An endoskeleton is an internal framework of rigid structures.
In most vertebrae’s the endoskeleton is made up of bone with some cartilage.
Some fish have an internal skeleton that consists of only cartilage e.g rays and sharks
Functions of a skeleton
- Shape.
- Movement.
- Protection.
- To produce blood cells.
How many bones do we have as an adult?
206-213
What is the largest bone in our body?
Femur
What is the smallest bone in our body?
The Stirrup, which is in our ears
What is the function of a red blood cell?
To transport oxygen around the body
What is the function of white blood cell?
(Phargocyte) to engulf bacteria
What is the function of platelets?
To help our blood clot
What is the function of plasma?
Transport, vitamins and minerals
Where does respiration occur?
In all cells
Where do cells get glucose from?
The bloodstream and the glucose comes from food
Where does carbon dioxide go after the aerobic respiration reaction?
Go to the lungs then from the lungs that is breathe out
What goes into the blood stream during aerobic respiration?
Water and some excreted
What is the energy made in aerobic respiration used for?(4)
-contraction of muscle cells
-Building up of large molecules
-Active transport of molecules and ions
-Cell division
What releases more energy and aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic
What does aerobic respiration have that anaerobic does not?
Oxygen
What is the anaerobic respiration equation in plants and fungi?
Glucose —> carbon dioxide+ ethanol(alcohol)+ energy
What is the anaerobic respiration equation in animals?
Glucose —> lactic acid + energy
When does anaerobic respiration take place?
When vigourous exercise takes place, your body cannot supply of oxygen to your muscles, this is when aerobic respiration which is to anaerobic.
Why do we not use anaerobic respiration all the time?
It does not release enough energy
It causes a buildup of lactic acid in muscles which can cause pain and muscle fatigue
Why do we switch to anaerobic respiration during vigourous exercise?
Muscles do not receive enough oxygen when vigourous exercising so they switch to anaerobic.
This allows our muscles to keep on working longer, even if they are not receiving enough oxygen
What is oxygen debt and when do you get it?
After a while of using anaerobic respiration oxygen debt will start to build up.
Therefore, when you stop exercising, your body needs to repay oxygen debt as it was unable to supply enough oxygen to that area of the body while you exercise . This is most commonly known as a stitch.
To pay this debt, your body will continue to breathe hard following strenuous exercise to get oxygen to the areas of muscle that have built up levels of lactic acid .
This lactic acid is then converted to harmless carbon dioxide and water 
Definition of stroke volume
Volume of blood pumped each heartbeat
Definition of heart rate
Number of times heartbeats in a minute
Definition of cardiac output
Volume of blood pumped in a minute
The equation for stroke volume ,heart rate and cardiac output
CO= SV *HR (cardiac output= stroke volume times heart rate
What happens to the heart the more you train?(long term)
-with lots of regular exercise heart rate decreases
-The heart is made of muscle
-Stroke volume increases
-So parts rates can decreased to produce the same cardiac output
When your heart muscles get stronger, what happens to the stroke volume
It increases
What happens when you train more with your heart?(short term)
Heart muscles get stronger
-Therefore stroke volume increases
-muscle cells use these to respire more to release more energy so that they can contract more
-cells also benefit from more oxygen delivered because it means they can’t avoid anaerobic respiration for longer which means less muscle fatigue.
Why does heart rate increase during exercise?
So that it pumps enough blood around your body, so every body part can get enough blood
