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Biology > Physiology Y8 > Flashcards

Physiology Y8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the 8 life processes?

A

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity

Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
Control

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2
Q

Definition of breathing

A

Physical process of bringing in oxygen

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3
Q

Definition of respiration

A

Chemical process of breathing in oxygen

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4
Q

What’s the difference between breathing and respiration?

A

Breathing is a physical process and respiration is chemical process

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5
Q

Equation for aerobic respiration

A

Glucose+Oxygen—> carbon dioxide + water(+energy)

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6
Q

Where does glucose come from?

A

Food

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7
Q

How do gases get in and out of our bodies?

A

When we breathe

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8
Q

What percentage of inhaled air is oxygen?

A

20%

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9
Q

What percentage of inhaled air is carbon dioxide?

A

0.04%

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10
Q

What percentage of inhaled air is nitrogen?

A

79%

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11
Q

What percentage of exhaled air is oxygen?

A

16%

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12
Q

What percentage of exhaled air is carbon dioxide?

A

4%

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13
Q

What percentage of exhaled air is nitrogen?

A

79%

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14
Q

What is breathing in called?

A

Inhalation(inspiration)

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15
Q

What is breathing out called?

A

Exhalation( expiration)

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16
Q

Is breathing performed consciously or unconsciously and what does it mean?

A

Humans can breathe unconsciously which means it can be performed without humans having to think about it

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17
Q

What happens to intercostal muscles when breathing in (inhalation)?

A

Contract

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18
Q

What happens to ribs when breathing in (inhalation)?

A

Move up

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19
Q

What happens to diaghram muscles when breathing in (inhalation)?

A

Contract

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20
Q

What happens to diaphragm when breathing in (inhalation)?

A

Lowers

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21
Q

What happens to volume of chest when breathing in (inhalation)?

A

Increases

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22
Q

What happens to pressure int the chest when breathing in (inhalation)?

A

Decreases

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23
Q

What happens to air pressure in lungs (compared to the atmosphere )when breathing in (inhalation)?

A

The air pressure inside the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure

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24
Q

does air rush in or out when breathing in (inhalation)?

A

In

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25
Q

What happens to intercostal muscles when breathing out (exhalation)?

A

Relax

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26
Q

What happens to ribs when breathing out (exhalation)?

A

Down

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27
Q

What happens to diaphragm muscles when breathing out (exhalation)?

A

Relaxes

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28
Q

What happens to diaphragm when breathing out (exhalation)?

A

Raises

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29
Q

What happens to volume of the chest when breathing out (exhalation)?

A

Decreases

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30
Q

Will the air pressure be greater or lower than the atmospheric pressure when breathing out (exhalation)?

A

Greater

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31
Q

Does air rush in or out of the lungs during breathing out(exhalation)

A

Out

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32
Q

Definition of diffusion

A

When molecules move from area of high-pressure to an area of low pressure

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33
Q

What are the four different types of synovial joints?

A

Immovable joint, slightly movable joint, hinge joints and a ball and socket joint

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34
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?(3)

A

There is a rounded end of the bone that fits inside a cup shaped ending of another bone. Socket joints allow movement in all directions to 0 rotation they are the most mobile joints in the body.

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35
Q

Example of ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder or hip

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36
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

Only allow movement forwards and backwards

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37
Q

Example of hinge joint

A

Knee or elbow

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38
Q

What is a fixed joint?

A

The bones are held together by tough fibres. There are several fuse together to form a rigid structure that does not move.

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39
Q

Another name for fixed joints

A

Immovable joints or fibrous joint

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40
Q

Example of fixed joint

A

Skull or pelvis

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41
Q

 example of slightly movable joint

A

Spine

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42
Q

What does the Alveoli do?

A

The alveolus is the site of gas exchange.
Oxygen levels into the blood and the alveoli cells.
Carbon dioxide moves out of the blood from the alveoli

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43
Q

Features of alveoli(4)

A

-good blood supply
-large surface area
-thin walls of alveolus and capillary
-moist

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44
Q

Where is the breathing system found?

A

In the thorax

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45
Q

Why is having a blood supply a good feature for alveoli?

A

Transports the gases( oxygen in red blood cells and Carbon Dioxide in plasma)

46
Q

Why is having a large surface area a good feat for alveoli?

A

More diffusion can happen

47
Q

Why is having thin walls a good feature for alveoli?

A

Short distance for gases to diffuse quicker

48
Q

Why is being moist a good feature for alveoli?

A

Gas is dissolve and moisture which helps diffusion

49
Q

What’s the two main functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport of gases: nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and heat
  2. Defence against disease (e.g fighting of microbes such as bacteria and viruses)
50
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue consisting of cells suspended in a fluid(the blood plasma)

51
Q

What are red blood cells roles?

A

To transport oxygen around the body

52
Q

What percentage of blood is red blood cells?

A

45%

53
Q

What are features of red blood cells and why are they good?

A
  1. Biconcave-(dipped) in both sides which increases the surface area to absorb oxygen
  2. Contains haemoglobin which bonds with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin.
  3. No nucleus -more room for haemoglobin
54
Q

What is the role of white blood cells?

A

To protect us against pathogens(disease causing organisms) and to produce antibodies

55
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Disease is causing organisms

56
Q

What’s the features of white blood cells?

A

1.Phagocytes-can chain shape to engulf microbes and digest them
2.lymphocytes-can produce antibodies to neutralise microbes

57
Q

What is the role of a platelet?

A

To help our blood to clot e.g when we caught ourselves to stop bleeding the plate that help the blood clot

58
Q

Features of platelets

A

They are so fragment so they don’t have any nucleus
They are very small 2 to 3 micro meters

59
Q

How many micro meters make a millimetre?

A

1000

60
Q

What is plasma?

A

It is a solvent
Other molecules and ions will dissolve in it
It transports molecules and irons

61
Q

What are the different types of muscles?

A

Smooth,cardiac and skeletal

62
Q

Where is the smooth muscle found?

A

Wall of gut

63
Q

What is involuntary movement?

A

When you don’t have to think about it for it to happen, it naturally happens on its own e.g breathing

64
Q

Where is the cardiac muscle found?

A

Heart

65
Q

Where is the skeletal muscle found?

A

Attached to bones

66
Q

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

67
Q

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Involuntary

68
Q

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

A

Voluntary

69
Q

What is voluntary movement?

A

When you have to think about it to happen e.g moving your hand

70
Q

How do muscles help us move?(4)

A

-Muscles transfer force to bones through tendons
-move our bones and associated body parts by pulling on them. This process is called muscle contraction.
-However muscle contraction cannot act to push the bone back into its original position
-because of this muscles work in antagonistic pairs.

71
Q

What are the two things muscles can do?

A

Contract and relax

72
Q

What happens to the muscle when they contract?

A

Get shorter

73
Q

What happens to the muscle when it relaxes again?

A

Pulled longer again

74
Q

What do muscles work in?

A

Antagonistic muscle peurs

75
Q

What is it called when muscles move parts of our bones and body parts by pulling on them?

A

Muscle contraction

76
Q

How do antagonistic muscle pairs work?

A

-One muscle of the pair contracts to move the body part
-The other muscles in the pair then contract to bring the body parts back to its original position
-Antagonistic muscle path as one muscle contracts the other relaxes

77
Q

What type of skeletons do vertebrates have?

A

And internal skeleton also known as an endoskeleton

78
Q

What type of skeleton do some invertebrates have? )
(Such as arthropods)

A

An external skeleton called an exoskeleton

79
Q

What do some invertebrates such as worms have instead of a skeleton?

A

A hydrostatic skeleton which consists of a fluid filled cavity which allows the animal to move

80
Q

What are the two types of skeleton that an invertebrate could have?

A

An external skeleton(exoskeleton) or a hydrostatic skeleton

81
Q

Exoskeleton properties

A

-arthropod skeletons are quite Bridget therefore an animal can only grow until it fills fills is existing exoskeleton.
In order to grow an arthropod needs to shed its exoskeleton to form a new one. This is called malting. Without the exoskeleton animal is much more vulnerable.

82
Q

Endoskeleton properties

A

An endoskeleton is an internal framework of rigid structures.
In most vertebrae’s the endoskeleton is made up of bone with some cartilage.
Some fish have an internal skeleton that consists of only cartilage e.g rays and sharks

83
Q

Functions of a skeleton

A
  1. Shape.
  2. Movement.
  3. Protection.
  4. To produce blood cells.
84
Q

How many bones do we have as an adult?

A

206-213

85
Q

What is the largest bone in our body?

A

Femur

86
Q

What is the smallest bone in our body?

A

The Stirrup, which is in our ears

87
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell?

A

To transport oxygen around the body

88
Q

What is the function of white blood cell?

A

(Phargocyte) to engulf bacteria

89
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

To help our blood clot

90
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Transport, vitamins and minerals

91
Q

Where does respiration occur?

A

In all cells

92
Q

Where do cells get glucose from?

A

The bloodstream and the glucose comes from food

93
Q

Where does carbon dioxide go after the aerobic respiration reaction?

A

Go to the lungs then from the lungs that is breathe out

94
Q

What goes into the blood stream during aerobic respiration?

A

Water and some excreted

95
Q

What is the energy made in aerobic respiration used for?(4)

A

-contraction of muscle cells
-Building up of large molecules
-Active transport of molecules and ions
-Cell division

96
Q

What releases more energy and aerobic respiration or anaerobic respiration?

A

Aerobic

97
Q

What does aerobic respiration have that anaerobic does not?

A

Oxygen

98
Q

What is the anaerobic respiration equation in plants and fungi?

A

Glucose —> carbon dioxide+ ethanol(alcohol)+ energy

99
Q

What is the anaerobic respiration equation in animals?

A

Glucose —> lactic acid + energy

100
Q

When does anaerobic respiration take place?

A

When vigourous exercise takes place, your body cannot supply of oxygen to your muscles, this is when aerobic respiration which is to anaerobic.

101
Q

Why do we not use anaerobic respiration all the time?

A

It does not release enough energy
It causes a buildup of lactic acid in muscles which can cause pain and muscle fatigue

102
Q

Why do we switch to anaerobic respiration during vigourous exercise?

A

Muscles do not receive enough oxygen when vigourous exercising so they switch to anaerobic.
This allows our muscles to keep on working longer, even if they are not receiving enough oxygen

103
Q

What is oxygen debt and when do you get it?

A

After a while of using anaerobic respiration oxygen debt will start to build up.
Therefore, when you stop exercising, your body needs to repay oxygen debt as it was unable to supply enough oxygen to that area of the body while you exercise . This is most commonly known as a stitch.
To pay this debt, your body will continue to breathe hard following strenuous exercise to get oxygen to the areas of muscle that have built up levels of lactic acid .
This lactic acid is then converted to harmless carbon dioxide and water 

104
Q

Definition of stroke volume

A

Volume of blood pumped each heartbeat

105
Q

Definition of heart rate

A

Number of times heartbeats in a minute

106
Q

Definition of cardiac output

A

Volume of blood pumped in a minute

107
Q

The equation for stroke volume ,heart rate and cardiac output

A

CO= SV *HR (cardiac output= stroke volume times heart rate

108
Q

What happens to the heart the more you train?(long term)

A

-with lots of regular exercise heart rate decreases
-The heart is made of muscle
-Stroke volume increases
-So parts rates can decreased to produce the same cardiac output

109
Q

When your heart muscles get stronger, what happens to the stroke volume

A

It increases

110
Q

What happens when you train more with your heart?(short term)

A

Heart muscles get stronger
-Therefore stroke volume increases
-muscle cells use these to respire more to release more energy so that they can contract more
-cells also benefit from more oxygen delivered because it means they can’t avoid anaerobic respiration for longer which means less muscle fatigue.

111
Q

Why does heart rate increase during exercise?

A

So that it pumps enough blood around your body, so every body part can get enough blood

Biology (7 decks)

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