Human Nutrition And Digestion Flashcards
1
Q
What five food groups must we eat to allow our body to work properly
A
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Minerals
Vitamins
2
Q
What goes alongside the 5 main food groups
A
Dietary fibre and water
3
Q
What is the role of fibre in the body
A
Helps the digestive system
4
Q
What can having an unbalanced diet lead to
A
Malnutrition
5
Q
Cause of obesity
A
Too much saturated fat, particularly cholesterol
6
Q
Cause of Kwashiorkor
A
Protein deficiency
7
Q
Cause of rickets
A
Lack of vitamin D
8
Q
Cause of iron deficiency
A
Lack of iron to form haemoglobin for red blood cells
9
Q
Cause of scurvy
A
Vitamin C deficiency
10
Q
Cause of beri-beri
A
Lack of vitamin B1
11
Q
Effect of obesity
A
Risk of heart disease
12
Q
Effect of kwashiorkor
A
Fluid collecting in the tissues, weight loss, poor muscle growth, flaky skin
13
Q
Effect of rickets
A
Poor bone development
14
Q
Effect of iron deficiency
A
Tired, lack of energy as red blood cells don’t carry enough oxygen
15
Q
Effect of scurvy
A
Wounds fail to heal, bleeding occurs in the lungs.
16
Q
Effect of beri-beri
A
Weakening of the muscles and paralysis
17
Q
Foods that are good sources of vitamin A
A
Fish oil, liver, butter
18
Q
Foods that are good sources of vitamin B1
A
Yeast extract, cereals
19
Q
Foods that are good sources of vitamin b2
A
Green veg, eggs
20
Q
Foods that are good sources of vitamin b3
A
Liver, meat, fish
21
Q
Foods that are good sources of vitamin c
A
Fresh fruit and veg
22
Q
Foods that are good sources of vitamin d
A
Fish liver oils, made in the skin in sunlight
23
Q
Foods that are good sources of calcium (mineral)
A
Fish, bread, milk
24
Q
Foods that are good sources of iron
A
Red meats, eggs
25
Foods that are good sources of water
Water, juice, fruit
26
Foods that are good sources of dietary fibre
Cereals
27
What is the role in the body of vitamin a
Making a chemical in the retina and to protect the surface of the eye
28
What is the role in the body of vitamin b1
Helps with cell respiration
29
What is the role in the body of b2
Helps with cell respiration
30
What is the role in the body of b3
Helps with cell respiration
31
What is the role in the body of vitamin c
Sticks together cells lining surfaces e.g in the mouth
32
What is the role in the body of vitamin d
Helps bones to absorb calcium and phosphate
33
What is the role in the body of calcium
Making teeth and bones
34
What is the role in the body of iron
Part of haemoglobin in red blood cells. Helps to carry oxygen
35
What is the role in the body of water
Essential for transport and all chemical reactions
36
What is the role in the body of dietary fibre
Gives the muscles in the gut something to push against
37
What would be the effects of a vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness, damaged cornea of the eye
37
What would be the effects of a vitamin b1 deficiency
Beri-beri
38
What would be the effects of a vitamin b2 deficiency
Poor growth, dry skin
39
What would be the effects of a vitamin b3 deficiency
Pellagra (dry red skin, digestive disorders)
40
What would be the effects of a vitamin c deficiency
Scurvy
41
What would be the effects of a vitamin d deficiency
Rickets, poor teeth
42
What would be the effects of a calcium deficiency
Poor bone development
43
What is the test for starch
Iodine test
Add iodine (yellow/brown) into solution
Should turn blue/black if starch is present
44
Colour change for starch
Yellow/brown to blue/black
45
Food test for glucose
Benedict’s (blue)
Add to solution and heat in water bath for 5 minutes
Should change red if there is glucose
46
Colour change for glucose test
Blue to orange/red
47
Test for proteins
Biuret (blue)
Add to solution
If it turns purple protein is there
48
Colour change for proteins test
Blue to purple
49
Food test for lipids
Ethanol
Add to solution
Cover tube and shake
Pour liquid for top of solution into test tube half filled with water
If it turns cloudy lipids are present
50
Colour change for lipid test
Clear to cloudy
51
What elements are found in carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
52
What elements are found in protein
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
53
What elements are found in lipids
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
54
Name the sub-units creating the molecules in carbohydrates
Glucose (simple sugar)
55
Name the sub-units creating the molecules in protein
Amino acids
56
Name the sub-units creating the molecules in lipids
Fatty acids and glycerol
57
Definition of digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the blood
58
What happens in the mouth
Chemical digestion occurs when the enzyme amylase in the saliva breaks down starch into motors. Mechanical digestion occurs as the teeth break the food into smaller chunks giving her a high surface area for the enzymes to work.
59
What happens in oesophagus?
The chewed lump of food passes from the mouth into the stomach via a tube called the oesophagus or gullet.
60
What happens in the stomach?
The food is held in the stomach for several hours
Mechanical digestion occurs as the muscular stomach churns up the food
The stomach wall secretes stomach acid killing bacteria to protect us from food poisoning. Also provides the optimum pH for Pepsin.
A protease enzyme called pepsin breaks down protein in the stomach into animo acids
A Sphincter (ring of muscle) holds the food in the stomach until it is ready to be released into the first part of the small intestine called the duodenum
61
What happens in the duodenum
Several enzymes are added into the duodenum by the pancreas in a form of liquid called pancreatic juice.
This included : amylase, protease, lipase.
Bile also added
The bile emulsifies large lipids
This means they become small fat droplets which increased the surface area for the enzyme used to work.
Bile and pancreatic juice are both alkali in order to neutralise the food covered in stomach acid
62
What is bile
Made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder
It is not an enzyme
Is function is to emulsify large lipids.
It is an alkaline
63
What is the role of the large intestine?
Absorb water from food
64
Another name for carbohydrase
Amylase
65
What is amylase
Breaks down starch into sugar
Amylase breaks down starch into maltose, and maltase further breaks down maltose into glucose
66
Where is amylase produced
Salivary glands/mouth
Pancreas
67
Where is maltose produced
Wall of small intestine
68
Where does amylase act on food
In the mouth
Small intestine
69
Where does maltose act on food
Small intestine
70
What is protease
Breaks down protein into amino acids
71
Two types of protease
Pepsin
Trypsin
72
Where is pepsin produced
Stomach
73
Where is trypsin produced
Pancreas
74
Where does pepsin act on food
Stomach
75
Where does trypsin act on food
Small intestine
76
What are lipases
Digests fats(lipids) into fatty acids into glycerol
77
Where are lipases produced
Pancreas
78
Where do lipases act on food
Small intestine
79
What is ingestion
When food enters the mouth
80
What is absorption
The movement of small soluble food molecules from the ileum into the blood
81
What is assimilation
Small food molecules are used to build large molecules
82
What is egestion
Removal of undigested food waste
83
What is the ileum
Last part of the small intestine
Where most food absorption takes place
84
Adaptions of the ileum
Folded wall of ileum-increases surface area-fast diffusion-increases time that food is in the ileum
Villi-increase the surface area-fast diffusion
Microvilli-increase the surface area-fast diffusion
Good blood supply -steep concentration gradient
Thin walls -short diffusion distance
Selectively permeable -only allows small soluble nutrients to be absorbed
85
Why is bile an alkaline
To neutralise the hydrochloric acid from the stomach in the small intestine.
This provides the optimum pH for lipase
86
Definition of peristalsis
The movement of food through the alimentary tube, due to wave-like muscular contractions of the smooth muscle. These muscles work as a pair
87
Where does peristalsis occur
In the small intestine (the ileum and duodenum)
Large intestine (colon+rectum)
