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Respiration A2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The mitochondria in muscles contain
many cristae. Explain the advantage of
this. (2)

A

● larger surface area for electron carrier system /
oxidative phosphorylation;
● provide ATP / energy for contraction;

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2
Q

Describe how oxidation takes place in
glycolysis and in the Krebs cycle. (4)

A

● removal of hydrogen /dehydrogenation;
● by enzymes /dehydrogenases;
● H accepted by NAD/reduced NAD formed;
● in Krebs cycle, FAD (used as well);

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3
Q

Water is a waste product of aerobic respiration. Describe how water is formed at the end of aerobic
respiration. (2)

A

● oxygen is terminal/final electron acceptor;
● combines with electron and hydrogen (to form
water);

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4
Q

Explain how the amount of ATP is
increased by reactions occurring inside
a mitochondrion. (12)

A

● oxidation of/removal of electrons / removal of H+
● from pyruvate/
● acetyl CoA / 6 carbon compound; (credit oxidative decarboxylation)
● substrate level production of ATP / ATP produced in Krebs cycle;
● production of reduced NAD / FAD (allow they take up hydrogen);
● in matrix of mitochondria;
● electrons fed into electron transport chain / used in oxidative
● (Electrons) pass along carriers/through electron transport chain/through series of redox reactions;
● Energy released;
● Protons move into intermembrane space;
● ADP/ADP + Pi;
● ATP synthase;

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5
Q

Describe the roles of the coenzymes
and carrier proteins in the synthesis of
ATP. (7)

A

● NAD/FAD reduced / hydrogen attached to NAD/FAD;
● H+ ions/electrons transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme/carrier to carrier
● series of redox reactions;
● energy made available as electrons passed on;
● energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate / using ATPase;
● H+/ protons passed into intermembrane space;
● H+/ protons flow back through stalked particles/enzyme;

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6
Q

Describe the events of oxidative
phosphorylation. (7)

A

● NAD/FAD reduced / hydrogen attached to
NAD/FAD;
● ETC on cristae / inner membrane;
● H+ ions/electrons transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme/carrier to carrier / series of redox reactions;
● energy made available as electrons passed on;
● H+ / protons passed into intermembrane space;
● H+ / protons flow back through stalked
particles/enzyme;
● energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP and phosphate / using ATP synthase;

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7
Q

Which part of the mitochondria does the Kreb’s cycle take place in?

A

matrix

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8
Q

Name two substances for which there would be net movement into the mitochondrion.

A
  1. pyruvate
  2. ADP or reduced NAD (NADH)
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9
Q

The mitochondria in muscles contain many cristae. Explain the advantage of this.

A
  1. larger surface area for electron carrier system
  2. provides ATP/energy for contraction
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10
Q

Water is a waste product of aerobic respiration. Describe how water is formed at the end of aerobic respiration.

A
  1. oxygen is terminal / final electron acceptor
  2. combines with electron and hydrogen (to form water)
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11
Q

Where in cell does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm of cell

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12
Q

Describe and explain how inhibition of glycolysis will affect the production of ATP by the electron transfer chain.

A
  1. ATP production inhibited
  2. no reduced NAD released
  3. no pyruvate/link reaction/Krebs cycle inhibited
  4. Movement of electrons/protons/hydrogens down chain stops (no electrochemical gradient)
  5. no release of free energy to phosphorylated ADP
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13
Q

Name the 3 carbon end product of glycolysis.

A

pyruvate

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14
Q

Describe how pyruvate is converted into a substance that enters the Krebs cycle.

A
  1. reacts with (coenzyme A) to give acetyl co-enzyme A
  2. decarboxylation / CO2 given off
  3. NAD reduced / oxidation
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15
Q

Explain why radioactivity only began to appear in the gas produced by cells after oxygen was introduced.

A
  1. only glycolysis in anaerobic conditions
  2. with oxygen, get aerobic respiration so link reaction occurs + Krebs cycle
  3. therefore release of radioactively added CO2
  4. as CO2 is given off in link reaction
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16
Q

Explain why oxygen is needed for the production of ATP on the cristae of the mitochondria.

A
  1. ATP formed as electrons pass along transport chain
  2. oxygen is terminal electron acceptor / accepts electrons from electron transport chain
  3. electrons cannot be passed along electron transport chain if no O2 to accept them
  4. forms H2O / accepts H+ from reduced NAD/FAD (NADH/FADH)
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17
Q

Explain how the amount of ATP is increased by reactions occurring inside a mitochondrion.

A
  1. oxidation of electrons / removal of H+ from pyruvate
  2. ATP produced in Krebs cycle
  3. production of reduced NAD/FAD (take up the hydrogen)
  4. in matrix of mitochondria
  5. electrons fed into electron transport chain
  6. on cristae
  7. linked to ATP production
  8. ATP synthase
  9. electrons lose energy as passed along chain
18
Q

Give two properties of an ATP molecule that make it suitable as an immediate source of energy in cells.

A
  1. can re rapidly re-synthesised
  2. released in small amounts
  3. easily hydrolysed
19
Q

Name two transport proteins found in the membrane surrounding a mitochondria and describe their function.

A
  1. H+ ions/electrons transferred from carrier/coenzyme to coenzyme
  2. ATP synthase - generates energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP + Pi
20
Q

People who suffer from chronic fatigue syndrome have some mitochondria in which some of these transport proteins are damaged. Explain how this might result in fatigue.

A

ATP cannot be synthesised / cannot leave mitochondria

21
Q

Explain the advantage of mitochondria in muscle cells having more cristae than in skin cells.

A
  1. more cristae for electron transport chain / more enzyme for ATP production
  2. muscle cells use more ATP
22
Q

In the link reaction, pyruvate is converted to a substance with molecules effectively containing only two carbon atoms. Describe what happens in this process.

A
  1. CO2 formed
  2. reduced NADP formed
23
Q

Describe the roles of coenzymes and carrier proteins in the synthesis of ATP.

A
  1. H+ ions transferred from coenzyme to coenzyme in a series of redox reactions
  2. energy used to synthesise ATP from ADP + Pi
  3. H+ proton passed into intermembrane space
  4. H+ protons flow back through stalked particles/enzymes
24
Q

Explain why scientists did not use glucose as the respiratory substrate, whilst adding various substances to the mitochondria and measuring the concentration of oxygen?

A
  1. glucose breakdown / glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm
  2. glucose does not enter mitochondria / coenzyme not present
  3. Krebs cycle occurs in matrix of mitochondria
  4. glucose cannot be used in Krebs cycle
25
Q

The concentration of oxygen changes when ADP is added, explain why.

A
  1. ADP used in electron transport chain
  2. oxygen is final hydrogen acceptor used to form water
26
Q

The production of lactate allows glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.
Explain how.

A
  1. regenerated NAD, oxidises reduced NAD
  2. NAD needed for glycolysis
27
Q

Respiration produces less ATP from a molecule of glucose in the absence of oxygen than it does when oxygen is present.
Explain why.

A
  1. some energy still in lactate / incomplete breakdown of glucose
  2. no Krebs cycle
  3. no electron transport chain
  4. as oxygen is terminal electron acceptor
28
Q

Give two reasons why the respirometer was left for 10 minutes when it was first placed in the water bath.

A
  1. equilibrium reached
  2. allows for expansion/pressure change
  3. allows respiration rate of substance to stabilise
29
Q

During the investigation, the coloured liquid in the manometer moved towards tube A.
Explain what caused this.

A
  1. oxygen consumed by locust
  2. CO2 given out and absorbed by KOH (potassium hydroxide)
  3. reduction in volume/pressure
30
Q

What calculation would you use to measure rate of oxygen consumption by the locust?

A

(volume changed / mass)
x
correction for 1 hour

31
Q

Where in the cell is rubisco found?

A

stroma (of chloroplast)

32
Q

Name the four main stages in aerobic respiration and where they occur.

A

Glycolysis - cytoplasm
Link reaction - mitochondrial matrix
Krebs cycle - mitochondrial matrix
Oxidative phosphorylation - via electron transfer chain - membrane of cristae

33
Q

Outline the stages of glycolysis.

A
  1. Glucose is phosphorylated to glucose phosphate (GP) by 2x ATP
  2. GP splits into 2 x TP
  3. 2x TP is oxidised into 2x pyruvate
  4. net gain of 2x reduced NAD and 2x ATP per glucose
34
Q

How does pyruvate from glycolysis enter the mitochondria?

A

Via active transport

35
Q

What happens during the link reaction?

A
  1. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetate
  2. per pyruvate molecule, net gain of 1x CO2 (decarboxylation) and 2H atoms (used to reduce 1x NAD
  3. acetate combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to form acetyl-coenzyme A
36
Q

Give the summary equation for a link reaction.

A

Pyruvate + NAD + CoA

acetyl CoA + reduced NAD + CO2

37
Q

What happens in the Krebs cycle?

A

A series of redox reactions produce:
1. ATP by substrate level phosphorylation
2. reduced coenzymes
3. CO2 from decarboxylation

38
Q

What happens in the electron transfer chain?

A
  1. electrons released from reduces NAD and FAD undergo successive redox reactions
  2. the energy released is couples to maintaining proton gradient or released a heat
  3. oxygen acts as final electron acceptor
39
Q

How can lipids act as an alternative respiratory substrate?

A

lipid -> glycerol + fatty acids
1. phosphorylation of glycerol to TP for glycolysis
2. fatty acid converts to acetate
3. acetate enters link reaction
4. H atoms produced for oxidative phosphorylation

40
Q

How can amino acids act as an alternative respiratory substrate?

A

Deamination produces:
1. 3 carbon compounds -> pyruvate for link reaction
2. 4C/5C compounds -> intermediates in Krebs cycle

Biology (27 decks)

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