Proteins and enzymes A1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

Give examples of different proteins and state their function. (6)

A
  1. Haemoglobin - transports oxygen
  2. Antibodies - defend body against pathogens
  3. Enzymes - biological catalysts
  4. Actin and Myosin - involved in muscle contraction
  5. Keratin - found in nails and hooves (structural)
  6. Collagen - found in tendons (structural)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 5 elements that make up amino acids. (5)

A
  1. Nitrogen (N)
  2. Carbon (C)
  3. Hydrogen (H)
  4. Oxygen (O)
  5. some contain Sulphur (S)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Draw the general structure of an amino acid.

A

.. H H O
H - N - C - C - OH
R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What bond do 2 amino acids form during which reaction? (2)

A
  1. peptide bond
  2. condensation reaction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the structure of a protein (7)

A
  1. Polymer of amino acids;
  2. Joined by peptide bonds;
  3. Formed by condensation reactions;
  4. Primary structure is order of amino acids;
  5. Secondary structure is folding of polypeptide
    chain into A helix and B pleated sheets due to
    hydrogen bonding;
  6. Tertiary structure is 3-D folding due to
    hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding and
    disulfide bridges;
  7. Quaternary structure is two or more
    polypeptide chains;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the effect of temperature and PH on a protein structure (4 temp) (1 PH)

A
  1. protein denatures at high temperatures (NOT LOW)
  2. increasing temp increases kinetic energy of molecules
  3. higher frequency vibrations break weak bonds holding structure together
  4. tertiary shape of molecule is lost (denatured)
  5. change in PH can also disrupt ionic bonds in tertiary structure, denaturing protein.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When a pathogen causes an infection, plasma
cells secrete antibodies which destroy this
pathogen.
Explain why these antibodies are only effective
against a specific pathogen.

A
  1. Antigens (on pathogen) are a specific shape/
    have specific tertiary / 3D structure;
  2. Antibody fits/binds / is complementary to
    antigen/ antibody-antigen complex forms;
    OR
  3. Antibodies are a specific shape / have specific
    tertiary/ 3D structure;
  4. Antigens (on pathogen) fit/ bind/ are
    complementary to antibody / antibody-antigen
    complex forms;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe & explain how you could use the biuret
test to distinguish a solution of enzyme, lactase,
from a solution of lactose(2)

A
  1. Add Biuret reagent to both solutions) – no
    mark;
  2. Lactase / enzyme will give purple / lilac;
    OR
  3. Lactose / reducing sugar will not give purple /
    lilac / will remain blue;
  4. Because Lactase is a protein;
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe how you could make a biuret test. (3)

A
  1. add sodium hydroxide
  2. add a few drops of copper sulphate
  3. to a small amount of the extract in a labelled test tube
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are enzymes?

A
  1. proteins
  2. biological catalyst
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Define the term catalyst.

A

A catalyst increases the rate at which chemical reactions occur but remain unchanged or are unaffected by the reaction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain how enzymes lower activation energy. (5)

A
  1. they stress and bend the bonds in the substrate
  2. during the formation of enzyme substrate complexes
  3. collisions will occur between specific parts of the molecules involved in the reaction
  4. so bonds can break and reform more efficiently
  5. therefore less activation energy required
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the structure of an enzyme.

A
  1. globular proteins (with a specific 3D shape)
  2. with an active site (specific and complementary to substrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Sucrase does not hydrolyse lactose. Use your knowledge of the way in which enzymes work to explain why.

A
  1. lactose has a different shape/structure
  2. does not fit/bind to active site of enzyme/sucrase
  3. active site of enzyme/sucrase has a specific shape/structure
  4. does not fit/bind to lactose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action.

A
  1. active site/enzyme not complementary
  2. active site changes shape as the substrate binds/as enzyme substrate complexes form
  3. stressing/distorting/bending bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the way that the lock and key model is different from the induced fit model.

A

Active site does not change shape/is fixed/does not wrap around substrate/is complementary before binding.

17
Q

One enzyme will catalyse only one reaction. Explain why.

A
  1. enzyme has active site
  2. only specific substrate fit to the active site
18
Q

Suggest why a protein can be the substrate for 2 different enzymes.

A
  1. different parts of the protein have different amino acid sequences so have a different shape
  2. each enzyme active site is a specific shape and complementary to a different part of the protein
19
Q

Describe how temperature effects the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction.

A
  1. increases rate of reaction
  2. until reaches past optimum, then hydrogen and ionic bonds begin to break between R group in tertiary structure (denatured) - no longer fits substrate AS
20
Q

Describe how PH effects the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction.

A
  1. change in PH can alter the charge on the R group of amino acid
  2. Hydrogen and ionic bonds in tertiary structure are broken
  3. changing active site (denatured)
21
Q

Diabetes mellitus is a disease that can lead to an increase in blood glucose concentration. Some diabetics need insulin injections. Insulin is a protein so it cannot be taken orally.
Suggest why it cannot be taken orally.

A
  1. broken down by enzymes/digested/denatured(by PH0/ too large to be absorbed
22
Q

What is the effect of increasing substrate concentration on the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction? (3)

A
  1. increases then plateaus/constant steady/rate does not change
  2. it plateaus as all active sites occupied/saturated/enzyme limiting rate of reaction/maximum of E-S complexes formed
23
Q

Figure 6 shows that the maximum initial rate of a reaction when a competitive inhibitor is present (curve B) is different from that when a non-competitive inhibitor is present (curve C).
Explain this difference (4)

A
  1. competitive inhibitor binds to active site of enzyme but non-competitive inhibitor binds to allosteric site/away from active site.
  2. binding of competitive inhibitor does not cause change in shape of active site but binding of non-competitive does
  3. so with competitive inhibitor, at high substrate concentrations (active) enzyme still available, but with non-competitive inhibitor (active) enzymes no longer available
  4. at higher substrate concentrations likelihood of enzyme-substrate collisions increases with competitive inhibitor, but this is not possible with non-competitive inhibitor
24
Q

Explain how a competitive inhibitor works (3)

A
  1. inhibitor is a similar shape to substrate
  2. inhibitor enters active site/is a competitive inhibitor
  3. less substrate binds/fewer E-S complexes
25
Q

Explain how a non-competitive inhibitor works.

A
  1. inhibitor is not a similar shape to substrate
  2. inhibitor enters away from active site/at allosteric site/is a non-competitive inhibitor
  3. changes the shape of active site
  4. less substrate binds/fewer E-S complexes
  5. less (named product) formed
26
Q

Why can sulphanilamide prevent bacteria producing folic acid (application question) (4)

A
  1. sulphanilamide is similar shape to substrate
  2. is competitive
  3. inhibitor binds to active site so there are less substrates to bind
  4. fewer complexes so less folic acid produced
27
Q

Explain why a faulty form of TK (active site already present for binding which increases cell division) leads to cancer.

A
  1. doesn’t need a phosphate group to function
  2. so the enzyme cannot be controlled so cell division is uncontrollable.
28
Q

Other than ethical reasons, suggest two reasons why they chose to use kittens as model organisms?

A
  1. kittens are mammals so have same reaction as humans
  2. kittens are easy to keep alive/large numbers
29
Q

Explain why monitoring the PH of the mixture could show whether the cats milk contains lipase.

A
  1. hydrolysis of lipids produces fatty acids
  2. which lowers PH of mixture
30
Q

Describe how scientists could use data to produce a calibration curve and how they would use the calibration curve to find the concentration of a protein in a sample of blood plasma. (4)

A
  1. produce known concentration of protein
  2. measure absorbance of each concentration
  3. measure concentration with colorimeter
  4. plot graph and use it to find concentration from curve