Proteins and enzymes A1 Flashcards
Give examples of different proteins and state their function. (6)
- Haemoglobin - transports oxygen
- Antibodies - defend body against pathogens
- Enzymes - biological catalysts
- Actin and Myosin - involved in muscle contraction
- Keratin - found in nails and hooves (structural)
- Collagen - found in tendons (structural)
Name 5 elements that make up amino acids. (5)
- Nitrogen (N)
- Carbon (C)
- Hydrogen (H)
- Oxygen (O)
- some contain Sulphur (S)
Draw the general structure of an amino acid.
.. H H O
H - N - C - C - OH
R
What bond do 2 amino acids form during which reaction? (2)
- peptide bond
- condensation reaction
Describe the structure of a protein (7)
- Polymer of amino acids;
- Joined by peptide bonds;
- Formed by condensation reactions;
- Primary structure is order of amino acids;
- Secondary structure is folding of polypeptide
chain into A helix and B pleated sheets due to
hydrogen bonding; - Tertiary structure is 3-D folding due to
hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding and
disulfide bridges; - Quaternary structure is two or more
polypeptide chains;
Describe the effect of temperature and PH on a protein structure (4 temp) (1 PH)
- protein denatures at high temperatures (NOT LOW)
- increasing temp increases kinetic energy of molecules
- higher frequency vibrations break weak bonds holding structure together
- tertiary shape of molecule is lost (denatured)
- change in PH can also disrupt ionic bonds in tertiary structure, denaturing protein.
When a pathogen causes an infection, plasma
cells secrete antibodies which destroy this
pathogen.
Explain why these antibodies are only effective
against a specific pathogen.
- Antigens (on pathogen) are a specific shape/
have specific tertiary / 3D structure; - Antibody fits/binds / is complementary to
antigen/ antibody-antigen complex forms;
OR - Antibodies are a specific shape / have specific
tertiary/ 3D structure; - Antigens (on pathogen) fit/ bind/ are
complementary to antibody / antibody-antigen
complex forms;
Describe & explain how you could use the biuret
test to distinguish a solution of enzyme, lactase,
from a solution of lactose(2)
- Add Biuret reagent to both solutions) – no
mark; - Lactase / enzyme will give purple / lilac;
OR - Lactose / reducing sugar will not give purple /
lilac / will remain blue; - Because Lactase is a protein;
Describe how you could make a biuret test. (3)
- add sodium hydroxide
- add a few drops of copper sulphate
- to a small amount of the extract in a labelled test tube
What are enzymes?
- proteins
- biological catalyst
Define the term catalyst.
A catalyst increases the rate at which chemical reactions occur but remain unchanged or are unaffected by the reaction.
Explain how enzymes lower activation energy. (5)
- they stress and bend the bonds in the substrate
- during the formation of enzyme substrate complexes
- collisions will occur between specific parts of the molecules involved in the reaction
- so bonds can break and reform more efficiently
- therefore less activation energy required
Describe the structure of an enzyme.
- globular proteins (with a specific 3D shape)
- with an active site (specific and complementary to substrates
Sucrase does not hydrolyse lactose. Use your knowledge of the way in which enzymes work to explain why.
- lactose has a different shape/structure
- does not fit/bind to active site of enzyme/sucrase
- active site of enzyme/sucrase has a specific shape/structure
- does not fit/bind to lactose
Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action.
- active site/enzyme not complementary
- active site changes shape as the substrate binds/as enzyme substrate complexes form
- stressing/distorting/bending bonds