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Biology > Biodiversity, species and taxonomy A1 > Flashcards

Biodiversity, species and taxonomy A1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a species?

A
  1. group of similar organisms
  2. reproduce
  3. to produce fertile offspring
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2
Q

What is meant by genetic diversity?

A

difference in DNA / base sequence / alleles / genes

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3
Q

What is meant by biodiversity?

A

number of species and number of individuals of each of the species within any one community

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4
Q

What is meant by species richness?

A

a measure of the number of different species within the community

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5
Q

What is meant by the term community?

A

all the individuals of all the species living together in the same area at the same time.

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6
Q

What information is needed to calculate the index of diversity?

A
  1. number of species overall (total)
  2. number of individual species
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7
Q

Why is index of diversity a more useful method of measuring biodiversity?

A
  1. also measures n. of individuals in a species
  2. some species may be present in low/high numbers
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8
Q

Name two advantages of using index of biodiversity rather than indicator species?

A
  1. you do not need to identify each species
  2. index takes into account n. of organisms of each of the species
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9
Q

Give one economic reason for maintaining biodiversity (5 marks)

A
  1. medical use
  2. commercial products
  3. tourism
  4. agriculture
  5. saving local forest communities
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10
Q

After a forest was cleared, the species diversity of insects in the area decreased. Explain why?

A
  1. fewer plant species
  2. fewer habitats/niches
  3. fewer food sources
  4. aspects of cleaning forests (machinery/pesticides)
  5. fewer species of herbivore so fewer carnivores
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11
Q

Explain what is meant by hierarchy?

A
  1. groups within groups
  2. with no overlaps between groups
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12
Q

Explain what is meant by a phylogenetic group.

A

grouped according to evolutionary history / common ancestry

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13
Q

Give the way in which courtship increases the probability of successful mating?

A
  1. attracts same species
  2. attracts opposite sex
  3. indication of sexual maturity
  4. stimulates release of gametes
  5. form a pair bond
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14
Q

In classification, comparing the base sequence of a gene provides more information than comparing the amino acid sequence or which the gene codes. Explain why.

A
  1. more bases (triplets) than amino acids / longer base sequence than amino acid sequence
  2. introns / non-coding DNA
  3. degenerate coding / more than one code for each amino acid
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15
Q

Give two ways doctors could use base sequences to compare different types of HPV.

A
  1. compare DNA base sequence
  2. compare mRNA base sequence
  3. look for mutations
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16
Q

Describe how comparisons of biological molecules in this species (seahorse) could be compared to find out if they are closely related.

A
  1. compare DNA
  2. sequence of bases/nucleotides
  3. compare cytochrome (mitochondria) same/names protein
  4. sequence of amino acids/primary structure
  5. inject seahorse protein/serum into animal
  6. add protein from other seahorse species
  7. amount of precipitate indicates relationship
17
Q

Explain the principles which biologists use to classify organisms into groups.

A
  1. large groups divided into smaller groups
  2. members of a group have features in common based on anatomy/DNA
  3. reflects evolutionary history
18
Q

What is meant by species diversity?

A

number of species in a community

19
Q

Suggest how information of amino acid sequence is used to construct a phylogenetic tree?

A
  1. those with similar sequences put in same group/more closely related
  2. greater difference in amino acid sequence the longer ago the groups diverged
20
Q

State two ways other than DNA and mRNA base sequence that genetic diversity between species can be observed?

A
  1. comparing observable characteristics
  2. comparing amino acid sequence of the same/named sequence
21
Q

Scientists analysis of blood proteins has indicated a lack of genetic diversity in populations of some organisms. Describe the processes that lead to the reduction in the genetic diversity of populations of organisms.
(6)

A
  1. reduced variety/number of different alleles/DNA/reduced gene pool (in new populations)
  2. founder effect
  3. a few individuals from a population become isolated from colonies
  4. genetic bottlenecks
  5. significant fall in size of population
  6. selective breeding / artificial selection
  7. using organisms with particular alleles/traits/phenotypes/characteristics
22
Q

Scientists can use protein structure to investigate the evolutionary relationships between different species. Explain why.

A
  1. amino acid sequences / primary structure
  2. closer the amino acid sequence, the closer the relationship
  3. protein structure related to DNA base/triplet sequence
23
Q

What is meant by a genetic bottleneck?

A
  1. drop in population / many killed by an event eg. earthquake
  2. idea of reduced/low genetic variation/diversity/reduction in variety of alleles / smaller gene pool
24
Q

Suggest one advantage and one disadvantage to using protein X to construct a phylogenetic tree?

A

advantage - present in all species organisms
disadvantage - extinct species not considered / no timing of events available / only limited n. of amino acid sequences

25
Q

State 3 comparisons of genetic diversity use in order to generate classification Y.

A
  1. DNA sequence
  2. mRNA sequence
  3. amino acid sequene
26
Q

Give two ways a student could ensure their index of diversity was representative of each habitat?

A
  1. random sampling
  2. large number of samples / until stable running mean
27
Q

Give 4 biological benefits of replanting hedgerow?

A
  1. increase biodiversity
  2. source of food for animals
  3. habitats
  4. windbreaks
28
Q

Give one ethical reason for maintaining biodiversity?

A

prevents extinction / loss of diversity

29
Q

Explain the importance of taking a large sample at random?

A
  1. produces reliable / representative mean
  2. removes bias
30
Q

Molecule Y are chemically similar molecules found in many different species. Differences in the primary structure of haemoglobin molecule can provide evidence of phylogenetic relationships between species.
Explain how?

A
  1. mutation changes base sequence
  2. causes change in amino acid sequence
  3. mutations build up over time
  4. more mutations/differences between distant related species
  5. distant related species have earlier common ancestor OR closely related species have recent common ancestor
31
Q

Give the taxonomic rank of organisms in order of hierarchy.

A
  1. domain
  2. kingdom
  3. phylum
  4. class
  5. order
  6. family
  7. genus
  8. species
32
Q

What is the calculation for diversity index?

A

Total n. of individual organisms
/(divided by)
n. of individuals of a particular species

33
Q

What term is used to describe the method of naming organisms by genus and species?

A

Binomial nomenclature

Biology (27 decks)

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