respiration Flashcards
in order for air to pass in and out of our lungs there needs to be a change in what
their needs to be a change in pressure
during inspiration, what opens to expands
during inspiration the thorax opens
during inspiration the thorax expands, does the traulmonary pressure, rise, stay the same as the atmospheric pressure or fall below the atmospheric pressure.
during inspiration, the intrapulmonary pressure falls below atmospheric pressure
because intrapulmonary pressure is now less than atmospheric pressure, air will naturally enter our lungs until what
air will naturally enter are lungs until the pressure difference no longer exists
what two laws explain the process of inspiration
boyles law and Daltons law
what does boyles law state
boyles law states that at a fixed temperature the amount of pressure exerted by a given mass of gas is inversely proportional to the size of its container.
in smaller volumes the gas molecules are more likely to collide with the walls of the container and exert a greater or lesser pressure as a result?
greater pressure will be exercted
larger volumes provide a greater space for the circulation of gas molecules, therefore ? pressure is exerted
less pressure is exerted
what is daltons law
Daltons law explains that in a mixture of gases each gas exerts its own individual pressure proportional to its size.
oon inhalation, the thorax expands and intrapulmonary pressure falls, why is this?
this is because air flows from areas of high to low pressure, air enters the lungs
what are the major muscles of inspiration
the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
where is the diaphragm found
it is found beneath the lungs at the base of the thorax
how many external intercostal muscles are there and where do they sit in the lungs
there are 11 external intercostal muscles, which sit in the intercostal spaces, these are the spaces between the ribs
during inspiration the diaphragm contracts downwards, pulling the lungs with it. simultaneously, what do the external intercostal muscles do
when the diaphragm contracts downwards, the external intercostal muscles pull the rib cage outwards and upwards.
when the diaphragm contracts and the external intercostal muscles pull the ribcage up and out, does this make the thorax bigger or smaller than before and how has this affected the atmospheric pressure
the thorax is now bigger than before and the intrapulmonary pressure is reduced below atmospheric pressure as a result
during expiration, do the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax or contract
during expiration, the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
when the external intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax, what does this allow for
this allows the natural elastic recoil of the lung tissue to spring back to into shape, forcing air back into the atmosphere
what are the accessory muscles and why are they called this
the accessory muscles include the abdominal wall muscles, internal intercostal muscles, the sternocleidomastoids, the scalene and the pectorals. they are referred to as accessory muscles as they are rarely used for normal, quite breathing. e.g when blowing out candles you would use the accessory muscles
during inspiration respiratory muscles must overcome various factors that hinder thoracic expansions, what are these factors
- the natural elastic recoil of lung tissue
- the resistance to airflow through narrow airways
- the surface tension forces at the liquid-air interface in the lobule
the energy required by the respiratory muscles to overcome factors hindering thoracic expansions in referred to as what
the work of breathing
the amount of energy used up is kept to a minimum in the work of breathing due to what
due to lung compliance which is the ease with which lungs can be stretched
what is surfactant and how does is aide lung compliance
whenever a liquid and gas come into close contact with one another surface tension is generated.
Surfactant reduces the surface tension that occurs where the alveoli meet pulmonary capillary blood flow in the lobule, thereby reducing the amount of energy required to inflate the alveoli
where is surfactant manufactured
by the type II alveolar cells, found in the alveoli
why does the work of breathing also require overcoming airway resistance
as air flows through the bronchial tree, resistance to airflow occurs as the gas molecules begin to collide with one another in the increasingly narrow airways
lung volumes and capacities measure what
the amount of air passing in and out of the lungs
what does TLC stand for and what is this
total lung capacity,
this is the amount of air a persons lungs are capable of housing
the amount of air that passes in and out of the lungs during one breath is called what
tidal volume
what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
this is the potential capacity for inspiration,
meaning the room that is left in your lungs after a normal quite breath
the potential capacity of exhalation is referred to as what
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
if tidal volume increases, due to exercise for example, would IRV and ERV increase or reduce
reduce
why can TLC only be estimated
becuase even after maximal exhalation a small volume of air always remains in the lungs
the small volume of remaining air in the lungs is called what
residual volume (RV)
because RV cannot be exhaled, the total amount of air that could possibly pass in and out of an individual lungs is a combination of what
tidal volume, IRV and ERV
A combination of tidal volume, IRV and ERV, collectively is referred to as what
vital capacity
what is minute volume
this is the amount of air that is breathed in each minute
how do you calculate the minute volume
this is calculated by multiplying tiday volume by respiration rate
why is the air present in the rest of the lungs, it is referred to as anatomical dead space and when will this need to be accounted for
because only the air that travels beyond the terminal bronchioles will actually take part in gaseous exchange,
therefore this will have to be accounted for when trying to work out exactly how much air is available for gaseous exchange
how would you calculate Alveolar minute ventilation
by subtracting anatomical dead space from minute volume, then multiply by respiratory rate
the medulla oblongata and pons control what in breathing
the rate and depth of breathing are controlled by the medulla oblongata and pons
the inspiratory centre of the medulla oblongata set what
the rate of breathing
what is internal respiration
internal respiration describes the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissue cells
cells use oxygen when manufacturing the cells prime energy source which is what
aderphine trisphosphate ATP
becuase cells are continuinaly using oxygen , in the tissues is their concentration higher or lower than the blood
lower
the majority of carbon dioxide is transported as what
bicornate ions
as carbon dioxide enters the erythrocyte. it combines with water to form what, it then quickly dissociates into what
carbonic acid, then it quickly dissociates into hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions
both oxygen and carbon dioxide travel from the lungs into body tissues in the blood. both gases travel via the what and the what, and where is this found
both gases travel via the plasma and the haemoglobin, this is found in the erythrocytes (red blood cells)
what is the definition of the gas transport term oxygen saturation
the percentage of arterial haemoglobin carrying oxygen molecules
what is the definition of the gas transport term partial pressure of artieral ocygen
the amount of oxygen dissolved in arterial blood plasma
what is the definition of the gas transport term partial pressure of carbon dioxide
the amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in arterial blood plasma
what is the definition of the gas transport term oxygen capacity
the potienal space for oxygen transported by haemoglobin
what is the definition of the gas transport term arterial oxygen content
the actual amount of oxygen in artieral blood carried by haemogolbin per 100ml of artieal blood
what is the definition of the gas transport term of oxygen delivery
the actual amount of oxygen being delived to body tissues based on cardiac output
what is the definition of the gas transport term of oxygen consumption
the amount of oxygen being used up by the body tissues every minute
the vast majority of oxygen is transported attached to what
haemoglobin
each haemogolin molecule has the poteinal to carry how many oxygen molecules
four oxygen molecules
the percentage of haemogolbin carrying oxygen is measured as what
oxygen saturation
the relationship between oxygen attached to artieral haemogolbin and oxygen dissolved in plasma is described by what in graphs
this is described by the oxyhaemogolbin dissertation curve
what are the five major types of hypoxia
- stagnant/circulatory hypoxia
- haemic hypoxia
- histotoxic hypoxia
- demand hypoxia
- hypoxic hypoxia
what is the main cause of stagnant hypoxia
heart failure, lack of cardiac outpout, leads to hypoxia
what is the main cause of haemic hypoxia
lack of blood or haemoglobin
what is the main cause of histotoxic hypoxia
poisining
what is the main cause of demand hypoxia
when the demand for oxygen is high e.g during fever
what is the main cause of hypoxic hypoxia
hypoxic as a result of hypoxaemia
what is hypoxia
defined as a lack of oxygen within the body tissues
what is hypoxiamia
defined as a lack of oxygen within arterial blood
as carbon dioxide levels increase (hypercapnia), will the amount of oxygen binding to the haemoglobin increase or reduce
reduce
how does ficks law of diffusion best explain the varying factors that effect the rate by which oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse between alveoli and the pulmonary circulation
according to ficks law the rate of diffusion is effected by gas solubility/molecular weight, surface area, concentration difference and membrane thickness. The more soluble the gas is in water the easier it is for diffusion to occur. oxygen and carbon dioxide are both soluble in water and therefore easily diffused.
why will a large inhalation recruit more alveoli, resulting in a greater diffusion rate
because the larger the surface area available for diffusion the greater the rate of diffusion will be
why will a greater gas concentration difference between the alveoli and pulmonary circulation result in a faster gas diffusion rate
because the blood traveling towards the alveoli is deoxygenated, there always remains a large difference in concentration between the alveoli and pulmonary circulation
how will having a thick membrane distance effect the rate of diffusion
the rate of diffusion will be slower as the distance the gases have to travel is greater
in order to ensure that an adequate supply of blood is reoxygenated, a plentiful supply of blood must be delivered to the lungs from where
from the right ventricle of the heart
the ideal delivery of adequate amounts of both air and blood is referred to as what
the ventilation: perfusion ration
What is the meaning of the pharynx
Tube connected the nose/mouth to the esophagus
What is the meaning of the larynx
The tube forming a passage between the pharynx and trachea
What is the meaning of the trachea
The tube connecting the laryx to the bronchi of the lungs
What is the meaning of the bronchi
The branches of tissue stemming from the trachea
What is the meaning of ht ebrinchiloe
Airway that extends from the bronchus
What is the meaning of the alveoli
The structures of the lung where gas exchange occurs
What is the diaphragm
Thoracic muscle that lays beneath the lungs and aids in inhalation/exhalation
Pulmonary, pleura and pneumona. All these terms relate to the what
Lungs
Cells require energy for their activities, to do this they need to carry out reactions and this requires what?, these reactions cause a waste product of what?, this needs to be expels as can build up and cause what
Cells require energy for their activities, to do this they need to carry out reactions and this requires oxygen, these reactions cause a waste product of carbon dioxide, this needs to be expelled as can build up and cause blood toxicity
The nasal and oral cavities are divided by what
Divided by the septum
What connects the naval and oral cavity
The pharynx
The pharynx is divided into three parts called what
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Larygopharyx
When air enters the nasal cavity it is warm by what, and it is cleaned by what
It is warmed by the capillary network and it is cleaned by mucus and hairs
What are the components of the lower respiratory tract
Larynx Trachea bronchial tree Alveoli Lung Ribs Diaphragm
What is the trache made up of
C chapped cartilage rings
Why do the c shaped cartilage rings in the trachea need to be flexible
So food (bonus) can go past
The trachea is lined with what
Ciliates epithelium and irritant receptors
During inspiration do the intercostal muscles contract or relax
Contract
During inspiration does the diaphragm contract or relax
Contract
By the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles contracting during inspiration, how does this effect the volume and the pressure
Increases the volume in thoracic cavity and subsequently lowers the pressure inside due to the larger volume, the intrapulmonary pressure has dropped within the lungs
Inspiration results in a drop of the intrapulomary pressure within the lungs and causes air to be drawn in, why is this
Because gases move from areas of high to low pressures, if the inter pulmonary pressure within the lungs has now dropped and is low, this means they will move via diffusion into the lungs
Is inspiration considered a active or passive process, and if so why
Considered a active process sue to the contraction of the muscles
During expiration do the intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax or contract
Relax
During expiration the intercostal muscles relax, what does this mean for the volume and inter pulmonary pressure
The volume decreases and the inter pulmonary pressure increases
During expiration why does air move out of the lungs
The inter pulmonary pressure inside the lungs has increased due to the decreased volume, air moves from areas of high to low concentration, because of this air moves from the lungs which has a high pressure to the atmosphere which has a lower pressure
Is expiration considered a active or passive process and if so why
Passive due to the elastic recoil of the muscles
During gas exchange, where do gases dissolve
In the alveoli
During gaseous exchange, oxygen will go from where into where
O2 will go from the air into the blood
During gaseous exchange carbon dioxide will go from where into where
From deoxygenated blood to the air
What are the adaptions that alveoli have for gas exchange
- One cell thick
- Moist
- Good blood supply
- Large surface area
- Permeable walls
How does being one cell thick help the alveoli
Makes it easier for molecules to diffuse across
Why is the alveoli being moist important for gas exchange
Gasses dissolve in moisture allowing them to exchange
Why is having permeable walls important for gas exchange in the alveoli
Allow gases to pass through easily
In the alveoli during gas exchange, o2 will diffuse across the what, from there it will diffuse across to the outside of the cells, it will then diffuse across what, until it finally diffuses into what
O2 diffuses across the cell membrane
From there is can diffuse across to the outside of the cell
It will then diffuse across the lining of the blood capillary
It will finally diffuse into the red blood cell
When oxygen binds with haemoglobin, what does it form
Oxyhemoglobin
What are important features of the gas exchange surface
- Large surface area
- Very thin
- Moist lining
- Good blood supply
- Good ventilation
Why is the gas exchange surface being very thin useful in gas exchange
Provides a short diffusion pathway
Once in the blood, what is oxygen transported by
Red blood cells
What is lypoxia
Lack of oxygen
What is hypoxaemia
Lack of oxygen in arterial blood
The medulla oblong at a and pons control what
Control the rate and depth of breathing
What analyses the oxygen and carbon dioxide
The chemoreceptors in aortic arch
What does carbon dioxide make that can cause the blood to be acidic
Carbonic acid
If the blood ph is to acidic what can this cause
Respiratory acidosis
Carbon dioxide combined with water makes what
Carbonic acid
Carbonic acid dissociates into what
Hydrogen ions and bicarbonate
What are the four phases of respiration
External
Internal
Transport of gases
Pulmonary ventilation
What is the external phases of respiration
Gas exchange in lungs
What is the internal phases of respiration
Oxygen delivered to cells and carbon dioxide collected
What is the transport of gases phase of respiration
Oxygen to tissues, carbon dioxide out of the tissues
What is the pulmonary ventilation phases of respiration
How air gets in and out of the lungs
What is tidal volume
The amount of air passing into and out of the lungs during each cycle of breathing
What is inspiration capacity
The amount of air that can be inspired with maximum effort
What is the inspiratory reserve volume
Extra volume of air that can be inhaled into the lungs during maximum inspirations
What is the expiratory reserve volume
The largest volume of air that can expelled from the lungs during maximal expiration
What is the residual volume
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after forced expiration
What is vital capacity
The maximum volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs
Cells use oxygen to create what
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) which is energy
Cells produce what as waste
Carbon dioxide and water
The waste product carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissues and into where after the cells have finished with them during internal respiration
Move out of the tissues and into the blood
Each lung has a broad lower surface area called the what
The base
The area between the lungs is called the what
Mediastinum
The right lung is composed of how many lobes
Three
Why is the right lung higher than the left
Because of the liver below
The functions of the upper respiratory tract are to ensure air is what
Warm
Damp
Clean
Sympathetic input to the smooth muscle tissue in bronchioles causes what
Relaxation
Bigger lumen
Less airway resistance
The portion of the pharynx that receives both air and food is the what
Oropharynx
Why is the c shape of the tracheal cartilage important
So large masses of food can pass through the oesophageal during swallowing
The largest cartilage of the laryx is the what cartilage
Thyroid
The posterior tracheal wall contacts the what
Thyroid gland
The actual site of gas exchange within the lungs are ?
Alveoli
What is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patients what?
Vital capacity
Air will move out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is what?
Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
