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renal Flashcards

1
Q

when considering the endocrine and exocrine system, what do endocrine systems relate to and what do the exocrine system relate to

A

exocrine is enzymes

endocrine is hormones

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2
Q

the renal system consist of what

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra

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3
Q

what is the role of the kidneys

A
  • remove waste products
  • regulate fluid balance in body
  • filter essential substances from the blood
  • secrete hormones
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4
Q

covering and supporting the kidneys are three layers which are what

A

renal fascia
adipose tissue
renal capsule

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5
Q

the nephrons consits of what

A

the glomerulus and renal tubule

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6
Q

what are the roles of the nephrons

A

filter blood
perform selective reabsorption
excrete unwanted waste products from the filtered blood

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7
Q

the nephron is a filtration system located where

A

in the kidneys

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8
Q

the nephron is part of the homeostatic mechanism of the body. they help to do what

A

regulate the amount of eater, salts, glucose, urea and other minrals in the body

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9
Q

what is the nephron responsible for

A

reabsorption of water and salts

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10
Q

what are the differnt sections of the nephron

A 
-bowmans capsule
proximal convoluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convoluted tubule
the collecting ducts
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11
Q

when blood reaches the kidneys for filtration, it enters bowman’s capsule first, the capsule separating the blood into two components, what are these components

A

filtered blood product

filtrate that is moved through the nephron

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12
Q

the bowman’s capsule consists of what layers

A

visceral layers

parietal layres

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13
Q

the visceral layer is lined with what

A

epithelia cells called podocytes

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14
Q

the parietal layer is lined with what

A

simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q

filtration of blood takes place in what portion of the nephron

A

the bowman’s capsul

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16
Q

from the bowman’s capsule where does the filtrate next go to

A

the proximal convoluted tubule

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17
Q

the surface of the the proximal convoluted tubule are covered with microvilli, what do the microvilli do

A

increase the surface area of the cells, this facilitating their reabsoptive function

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18
Q

reabsorption of salt, water and glucose from the glomerular filtrate occur in which part of the nephron

A

proximal convoluted tubule

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19
Q

what are the functions of the distal convoluted tubule, DCT

A

secretes ions and acids
plays part in regulation of calcium ions by excreting excess calcium ions in response to calcitonin hormone
selectively reabsorbs water
arginine vasopressin receptor 2 proteins are located here
role in regulating ph by absorbing bicarbonate and secreting protons into filtrate

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20
Q

if ADH is present will the distal tubule and collecting duct become permeable of unpearmaible to water

A

permiable

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21
Q

What is the outer border of the kidney called

A

Convex

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22
Q

What is the inner border of the kidney called

A

Hilum

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23
Q

The renal artery carried blood to where

A

To the kidneys

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24
Q

Once blood has been filtered what vein takes blood away

A

Renal vein

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25
Q

What are the tissues that cover and support the kidneys

A

Renal fascia
Adipose tissue
Renal capsule

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26
Q

What are the three distinct regions in the kidneys

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis

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27
Q

What are the units of the kidneys

A

Nephrons

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28
Q

The nephron preforms what two functions of the kidneys

A

Filtration and collection

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29
Q

What is the first step i making urine called

A

Globerular filtration

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30
Q

What is globerular filtration

A

The process which the kidneys use to filter excess fluid out of blood into ruins collecting tubules of the kidney, so they can be eliminated from the body

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31
Q

What are the main substances excreted in urine area/;

A

Metabolic waste products
Electrolytes
Water

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32
Q

How are the kidneys able to control the amount of amount and substances dissolved in your body fluids

A

By reabsorbing what you need and producing urine to get rid of the rest

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33
Q

Production of urine is obligatory, why is this

A

It is made regardless of what else is going on with the body, due to the need to remove various solutes from the body in order to keep its internal conditions stable, so that your body’s physiology processes continue operating effectively

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34
Q

Each of the kidneys have around a million specialised structures called what

A

Nephrons

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35
Q

What are the layers of the kidneys

A

Outer fibrous capsule, cortex, medulla

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36
Q

What is the inner most layer of the kidney called

A

Medulla

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37
Q

What is the layer of tissue immediately below the capsule and surrounding the renal pyramids called

A

Cortex

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38
Q

The outer layer of the kidneys are called what

A

Outer fibrous capsule

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39
Q

Blood enters the kidneys through what

A

The renal artery

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40
Q

Blood leaves the kidneys via what

A

The renal vein

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41
Q

Urine leaves the kidneys via the what

A

Utter

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42
Q

What are the spaces between the renal pyramids called

A

Renal column

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43
Q

In what layer of the kidneys is the renal pyramids found

A

The renal medulla

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44
Q

What is the pointy end of the renal pyramid called

A

Renal papilla

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45
Q

Blood enters the kidneys, branch of into blood vessels that twist round with internal modules called what

A

Nephrons

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46
Q

What is the job of the nephron

A

Where filtration and reabsorption happens

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47
Q

To filter the blood, what two pieces of equipment does the nephron use

A

Glomerulus and tubule

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48
Q

What does the tubule detect

A

Whether any of the the ingredients filtered to it are needed in the body, if so they’re reabsorbed in amounts that the body needs

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49
Q

What is the name of the molecule which works like a sieve, allowing only only ingredients such as vitamins and minerals to pass into the tubule

A

Glomerulus

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50
Q

The glomerulus filters the blood any allows only certain vitamins and minerals to pass into what

A

The tubule

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51
Q

What body part in the kidney senses compounds the body doesn’t need such as urea, and redirects them as urine

A

The tubule

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52
Q

The kidneys can active which vitamin that has an affect on blood pressure

A

Vitamin D

53
Q

By the kidneys activating vitamin D, which hormones does this secrete and what in turn will happen due to these hormones being released

A

Renin and erythropoietin
Renin raises blood pressure
Erythropoietin increases red blood cell production

54
Q

Where does filtration happen

A

Glomerulus

55
Q

Where does selective reabsorption happen

A

Proximal consulted tubule

56
Q

Where does osmoregulation happen

A

Loop of Henley

57
Q

Where does selective reabsorption happen

A

Distal consulates tubule

58
Q

What part of the nephron collects what is left and takes it to the renal pelvis then ureter

A

Collecting duct

59
Q

What is the name of the part in the kidney which is a cup like sac at the beginning of proximal convulsed tubule

A

Bowman s capsule

60
Q

What is the glomerulus surrounded by

A

Bowman s capsule

61
Q

Blood enters the nephron via what

A

Afferent arteriole

62
Q

Blood leaves the nephron via the what

A

Efferent article

63
Q

Once the blood has entered the network of capillaries know as the glomerulus, where does the blood next go

A

Filters out into the bowman s capsule

64
Q

What is reabsorption

A

The movement of substances out of the tubules, across the surrounding interstitial fluid into the blood of the capillaries

65
Q

What is secretion

A

When substances move from the blood, through the interstitial fluid into the tubule

66
Q

What elements will the glomerular contains, name 3

A

Water, glucose, amino acids, inorganic ions, urea, creatinine

67
Q

What is the name of the tubule that follows from the bowmans capsule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

68
Q

The proximal consulted tubule is lined with what

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

69
Q

Once substances pass out of the proximal consulted tubule where will it go

A

Interstitial fluid

70
Q

After the proximal distal tubule, what follows in the nephron

A

Loop of Henry

71
Q

Why is the medulla very salty

A

As sodium and chloride is pumped out of thick ascending limb, but not water as the walls are impermeable

72
Q

In the loop of henly, filtrate travels down the what

A

Descending limb

73
Q

Is the descending limb permeable of imperable to water

A

Permeable

74
Q

Water leaves the loop of henly in the descending limb or ascending limb of the loop of henly

A

Descending

75
Q

Why does water leave the loop of henly in the nephron

A

As the environment is to salty due to high concentration of sodium

76
Q

The fluid at the bottom on the loop of henly will be highly concentrated or not?, and what is this

A

Highly concentrated as the water has left via osmosis

77
Q

If there is water remaining in the loop of assending limb of the loop of henly, can this leave

A

No, as the ascending limb is imperable to water

78
Q

What is the name of the tubule where filtrate will travel up in the loop of henly

A

Ascending limb

79
Q

In the nephron, what follows the loop of henly

A

The distal convoluted tubule

80
Q

What is the role of the distal consulted tubule

A

Where install adjustments are made to filtrate

81
Q

What is the distal consulted tubule lining made up mostly of

A

Simple cuboidal cells

82
Q

What three minerals are reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule

A

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate

83
Q

In the distal consulted tubule, what are secreted

A

Potassium or hydron ions

84
Q

What is the role of the collecting duct

A

Where final adjustments take place before filtrate leaves as urine

85
Q

The levels of water in collecting duct are regulated by what hormone

A

ADH

86
Q

How does the hormone ADH regulate the levels of water in the collecting duct

A

By enabling it to be reabsorbed back into the blood

87
Q

The renal corpuscle is the combination of what

A

Glomerulus and bowmans capsule

88
Q

What is the the outer layer of the renal corpuscle called

A

Parietal layer

89
Q

What is the inner layer of the renal corpuscle called

A

Visceral layer

90
Q

The parietal layer is the inside layer of the renal corpuscle, true or false

A

False, parietal layer in the outer layer, visceral is the inner

91
Q

Why does the blood have a high pressure when it enters the glomerular

A

To force the contents out and into bowmans capsule

92
Q

What is the name of the muscle which enables us to urinate

A

Detrusor muscle

93
Q

What is the role of the pelvic floor

A

Helps us to retain fluid

94
Q

If the pelvic floor is contracted what does this mean we our not doing

A

Not urinating

95
Q

What is the role of the ureters in the lower renal system

A

The bring urine from the kidneys

96
Q

What nerve tells the spine and stimulates you to urinate

A

Pelvic nerve

97
Q

How does the pelvic nerve result in you urinating

A

The nerve endings in your bladder wall are sensitive to stretch.
Nerve endings send signal to spinal cord
Nerve impulses stimulate contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation or the urethral sphincter so you can empty your bladder

98
Q

Micturition means you are what

A

Urinating

99
Q

If your detrusor muscle is relaxed are you urinating

A

Nope, it would be contracted

100
Q

If your pelvis floor is relaxed would you be urinating

A

Yes, if it was contracted we would be holding are wee in

101
Q

What is secreted from the exocrine glands and what is secreted from the endocrine glands

A 
Endocrine = hormones, chemical messengers
Exocrine= enzymes, catalyst
102
Q

If the exocrine has secreted enzymes, will the target be near or far the gland

A

Located near the gland

103
Q

Does ADH reduce or increase urine output

A

Reduces

104
Q

If you have release ADH will the walls of the collecting ducts be more or less permeable to water

A

More permeable to water

105
Q

If you are dehydrated will you have less of more ADH released

A

More ADH

106
Q

Where is ADH released from

A

The pituitary gland

107
Q

What does ADH stand for

A

Antidiuretic hormone

108
Q

What does ADH do

A

Acts on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys increasing their permeability to water

109
Q

If ADH has been released will you be producing more or less urine and why

A

Less urine as more water has been reabsorbed

110
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced

A

In the kidneys

111
Q

What does erythropoietin do

A

Stimulated production of red blood cells

112
Q

In what part of the kidneys in erythropoietin produced

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

113
Q

Calcitriol is a hormone which regulate the levels of what

A

Calcium

114
Q

Where is calcitriole produced

A

In the proximal convoluted tubule

115
Q

The liver and kidneys convert vitamin D into what

A

Calcitriol which is an active version of vitamin D

116
Q

Calcitriol means we lose more calcium and absorbed less, true or false

A

False, it means we absorb more and loos less

117
Q

Where is renin produced and by what cells

A

Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney

118
Q

Renin is part of what what system

A

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system, RAAS

119
Q

RAAS helps to regulate what

A

Blood pressure and blood volume

120
Q

What is RAAS

A

Hormone based system which helps to regulate blood pressure and blood volume

121
Q

The conversion of angiotensinogen into what, will help to what effect on blood pressure

A

Angiotensin converted to angiotensin 1, elevated blood pressure

122
Q

Low blood pressure stimulates the release of which hormone

A

Renin

123
Q

Angiotensin stimulates the secretion of which hormone and what does this promote the retention of

A

Angiotensin stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal gland which promotes sodium and water retention in the kidney, increasing blood pressure and blood volume

124
Q

What is the function of ADH

A

Anti directive hormone, regulating water, deciding how much you want to export and how much you retain

125
Q

What is the function of renin

A

Controls blood pressure

126
Q

Endocrine released to hormones, true to false

A

True

127
Q

Which muscles are involved in micturition

A

Pelvic muscle,, detrusa muscle, urethra

128
Q

Whch side of the loop of henly is permeable

A

Descending

129
Q

What does erythropoietin stimulate

A

Eurethrya site prodcution

PONs (8 decks)

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