renal Flashcards
when considering the endocrine and exocrine system, what do endocrine systems relate to and what do the exocrine system relate to
exocrine is enzymes
endocrine is hormones
the renal system consist of what
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
what is the role of the kidneys
- remove waste products
- regulate fluid balance in body
- filter essential substances from the blood
- secrete hormones
covering and supporting the kidneys are three layers which are what
renal fascia
adipose tissue
renal capsule
the nephrons consits of what
the glomerulus and renal tubule
what are the roles of the nephrons
filter blood
perform selective reabsorption
excrete unwanted waste products from the filtered blood
the nephron is a filtration system located where
in the kidneys
the nephron is part of the homeostatic mechanism of the body. they help to do what
regulate the amount of eater, salts, glucose, urea and other minrals in the body
what is the nephron responsible for
reabsorption of water and salts
what are the differnt sections of the nephron
-bowmans capsule proximal convoluted tubule loop of henle distal convoluted tubule the collecting ducts
when blood reaches the kidneys for filtration, it enters bowman’s capsule first, the capsule separating the blood into two components, what are these components
filtered blood product
filtrate that is moved through the nephron
the bowman’s capsule consists of what layers
visceral layers
parietal layres
the visceral layer is lined with what
epithelia cells called podocytes
the parietal layer is lined with what
simple squamous epithelium
filtration of blood takes place in what portion of the nephron
the bowman’s capsul
from the bowman’s capsule where does the filtrate next go to
the proximal convoluted tubule
the surface of the the proximal convoluted tubule are covered with microvilli, what do the microvilli do
increase the surface area of the cells, this facilitating their reabsoptive function
reabsorption of salt, water and glucose from the glomerular filtrate occur in which part of the nephron
proximal convoluted tubule
what are the functions of the distal convoluted tubule, DCT
secretes ions and acids
plays part in regulation of calcium ions by excreting excess calcium ions in response to calcitonin hormone
selectively reabsorbs water
arginine vasopressin receptor 2 proteins are located here
role in regulating ph by absorbing bicarbonate and secreting protons into filtrate
if ADH is present will the distal tubule and collecting duct become permeable of unpearmaible to water
permiable
What is the outer border of the kidney called
Convex
What is the inner border of the kidney called
Hilum
The renal artery carried blood to where
To the kidneys
Once blood has been filtered what vein takes blood away
Renal vein
What are the tissues that cover and support the kidneys
Renal fascia
Adipose tissue
Renal capsule
What are the three distinct regions in the kidneys
Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis
What are the units of the kidneys
Nephrons
The nephron preforms what two functions of the kidneys
Filtration and collection
What is the first step i making urine called
Globerular filtration
What is globerular filtration
The process which the kidneys use to filter excess fluid out of blood into ruins collecting tubules of the kidney, so they can be eliminated from the body
What are the main substances excreted in urine area/;
Metabolic waste products
Electrolytes
Water
How are the kidneys able to control the amount of amount and substances dissolved in your body fluids
By reabsorbing what you need and producing urine to get rid of the rest
Production of urine is obligatory, why is this
It is made regardless of what else is going on with the body, due to the need to remove various solutes from the body in order to keep its internal conditions stable, so that your body’s physiology processes continue operating effectively
Each of the kidneys have around a million specialised structures called what
Nephrons
What are the layers of the kidneys
Outer fibrous capsule, cortex, medulla
What is the inner most layer of the kidney called
Medulla
What is the layer of tissue immediately below the capsule and surrounding the renal pyramids called
Cortex
The outer layer of the kidneys are called what
Outer fibrous capsule
Blood enters the kidneys through what
The renal artery
Blood leaves the kidneys via what
The renal vein
Urine leaves the kidneys via the what
Utter
What are the spaces between the renal pyramids called
Renal column
In what layer of the kidneys is the renal pyramids found
The renal medulla
What is the pointy end of the renal pyramid called
Renal papilla
Blood enters the kidneys, branch of into blood vessels that twist round with internal modules called what
Nephrons
What is the job of the nephron
Where filtration and reabsorption happens
To filter the blood, what two pieces of equipment does the nephron use
Glomerulus and tubule
What does the tubule detect
Whether any of the the ingredients filtered to it are needed in the body, if so they’re reabsorbed in amounts that the body needs
What is the name of the molecule which works like a sieve, allowing only only ingredients such as vitamins and minerals to pass into the tubule
Glomerulus
The glomerulus filters the blood any allows only certain vitamins and minerals to pass into what
The tubule
What body part in the kidney senses compounds the body doesn’t need such as urea, and redirects them as urine
The tubule
The kidneys can active which vitamin that has an affect on blood pressure
Vitamin D
By the kidneys activating vitamin D, which hormones does this secrete and what in turn will happen due to these hormones being released
Renin and erythropoietin
Renin raises blood pressure
Erythropoietin increases red blood cell production
Where does filtration happen
Glomerulus
Where does selective reabsorption happen
Proximal consulted tubule
Where does osmoregulation happen
Loop of Henley
Where does selective reabsorption happen
Distal consulates tubule
What part of the nephron collects what is left and takes it to the renal pelvis then ureter
Collecting duct
What is the name of the part in the kidney which is a cup like sac at the beginning of proximal convulsed tubule
Bowman s capsule
What is the glomerulus surrounded by
Bowman s capsule
Blood enters the nephron via what
Afferent arteriole
Blood leaves the nephron via the what
Efferent article
Once the blood has entered the network of capillaries know as the glomerulus, where does the blood next go
Filters out into the bowman s capsule
What is reabsorption
The movement of substances out of the tubules, across the surrounding interstitial fluid into the blood of the capillaries
What is secretion
When substances move from the blood, through the interstitial fluid into the tubule
What elements will the glomerular contains, name 3
Water, glucose, amino acids, inorganic ions, urea, creatinine
What is the name of the tubule that follows from the bowmans capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
The proximal consulted tubule is lined with what
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Once substances pass out of the proximal consulted tubule where will it go
Interstitial fluid
After the proximal distal tubule, what follows in the nephron
Loop of Henry
Why is the medulla very salty
As sodium and chloride is pumped out of thick ascending limb, but not water as the walls are impermeable
In the loop of henly, filtrate travels down the what
Descending limb
Is the descending limb permeable of imperable to water
Permeable
Water leaves the loop of henly in the descending limb or ascending limb of the loop of henly
Descending
Why does water leave the loop of henly in the nephron
As the environment is to salty due to high concentration of sodium
The fluid at the bottom on the loop of henly will be highly concentrated or not?, and what is this
Highly concentrated as the water has left via osmosis
If there is water remaining in the loop of assending limb of the loop of henly, can this leave
No, as the ascending limb is imperable to water
What is the name of the tubule where filtrate will travel up in the loop of henly
Ascending limb
In the nephron, what follows the loop of henly
The distal convoluted tubule
What is the role of the distal consulted tubule
Where install adjustments are made to filtrate
What is the distal consulted tubule lining made up mostly of
Simple cuboidal cells
What three minerals are reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule
Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
In the distal consulted tubule, what are secreted
Potassium or hydron ions
What is the role of the collecting duct
Where final adjustments take place before filtrate leaves as urine
The levels of water in collecting duct are regulated by what hormone
ADH
How does the hormone ADH regulate the levels of water in the collecting duct
By enabling it to be reabsorbed back into the blood
The renal corpuscle is the combination of what
Glomerulus and bowmans capsule
What is the the outer layer of the renal corpuscle called
Parietal layer
What is the inner layer of the renal corpuscle called
Visceral layer
The parietal layer is the inside layer of the renal corpuscle, true or false
False, parietal layer in the outer layer, visceral is the inner
Why does the blood have a high pressure when it enters the glomerular
To force the contents out and into bowmans capsule
What is the name of the muscle which enables us to urinate
Detrusor muscle
What is the role of the pelvic floor
Helps us to retain fluid
If the pelvic floor is contracted what does this mean we our not doing
Not urinating
What is the role of the ureters in the lower renal system
The bring urine from the kidneys
What nerve tells the spine and stimulates you to urinate
Pelvic nerve
How does the pelvic nerve result in you urinating
The nerve endings in your bladder wall are sensitive to stretch.
Nerve endings send signal to spinal cord
Nerve impulses stimulate contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation or the urethral sphincter so you can empty your bladder
Micturition means you are what
Urinating
If your detrusor muscle is relaxed are you urinating
Nope, it would be contracted
If your pelvis floor is relaxed would you be urinating
Yes, if it was contracted we would be holding are wee in
What is secreted from the exocrine glands and what is secreted from the endocrine glands
Endocrine = hormones, chemical messengers Exocrine= enzymes, catalyst
If the exocrine has secreted enzymes, will the target be near or far the gland
Located near the gland
Does ADH reduce or increase urine output
Reduces
If you have release ADH will the walls of the collecting ducts be more or less permeable to water
More permeable to water
If you are dehydrated will you have less of more ADH released
More ADH
Where is ADH released from
The pituitary gland
What does ADH stand for
Antidiuretic hormone
What does ADH do
Acts on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys increasing their permeability to water
If ADH has been released will you be producing more or less urine and why
Less urine as more water has been reabsorbed
Where is erythropoietin produced
In the kidneys
What does erythropoietin do
Stimulated production of red blood cells
In what part of the kidneys in erythropoietin produced
Proximal convoluted tubule
Calcitriol is a hormone which regulate the levels of what
Calcium
Where is calcitriole produced
In the proximal convoluted tubule
The liver and kidneys convert vitamin D into what
Calcitriol which is an active version of vitamin D
Calcitriol means we lose more calcium and absorbed less, true or false
False, it means we absorb more and loos less
Where is renin produced and by what cells
Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney
Renin is part of what what system
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system, RAAS
RAAS helps to regulate what
Blood pressure and blood volume
What is RAAS
Hormone based system which helps to regulate blood pressure and blood volume
The conversion of angiotensinogen into what, will help to what effect on blood pressure
Angiotensin converted to angiotensin 1, elevated blood pressure
Low blood pressure stimulates the release of which hormone
Renin
Angiotensin stimulates the secretion of which hormone and what does this promote the retention of
Angiotensin stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal gland which promotes sodium and water retention in the kidney, increasing blood pressure and blood volume
What is the function of ADH
Anti directive hormone, regulating water, deciding how much you want to export and how much you retain
What is the function of renin
Controls blood pressure
Endocrine released to hormones, true to false
True
Which muscles are involved in micturition
Pelvic muscle,, detrusa muscle, urethra
Whch side of the loop of henly is permeable
Descending
What does erythropoietin stimulate
Eurethrya site prodcution
